Premise Definition and Examples in Arguments

A premise is a  proposition upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is drawn. Put another way, a  premise includes the reasons and evidence behind a conclusion, says  Study.com. A premise may be  either the major or the minor proposition of a  syllogism—an argument in which two premises are made and a  logical conclusion  is drawn from them—in a deductive argument. Merriam-Webster  gives this example of a major and minor premise (and conclusion): All mammals are warmblooded [major premise]; whales are mammals [minor premise]; therefore, whales are warmblooded [conclusion]. The term premise comes from medieval Latin, meaning things mentioned before. In philosophy as well as fiction and nonfiction writing, the premise follows largely the same pattern as that defined in Merriam-Webster. The premise—the thing or things that came before—lead (or fail to lead) to a logical resolution in an argument or story. Premises in Philosophy To understand what a premise is in philosophy, it helps to understand how the field defines an argument, says  Joshua May, an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Alabama, Birmingham. In philosophy, an argument is not concerned with disputes among people; it is a set of propositions that contain premises offered to support a conclusion, he says, adding: A  premise  is a proposition one offers in support of a conclusion. That is, one offers a premise as evidence for the truth of the conclusion, as justification for or a reason to believe the conclusion. May offers this example of a major and minor premise, as well as a conclusion, that echoes the example from Merriam-Webster: All humans are mortal. [major premise]G.W. Bush is a human. [minor premise]Therefore, G.W. Bush is mortal. [conclusion] May notes that the validity of an argument in philosophy (and in general) depends on the accuracy and truth of the premise or premises. For example, May gives this example of a bad (or inaccurate) premise: All women are Republican. [major premise: false]Hilary Clinton is a woman. [minor premise: true]Therefore, Hilary Clinton is a Republican. [conclusion: false] The  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  says that an argument can be valid if it follows logically from its premises, but the conclusion can still be wrong if the premises are incorrect: However, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is also true, as a matter of logic.​​ In philosophy, then, the process of creating premises and carrying them through to a conclusion involves logic and deductive reasoning. Other areas provide a similar, but slightly different, take when defining and explaining premises. Premises in Writing For nonfiction writing, the term  premise  carries largely the same definition as in philosophy. Purdue OWL notes that a premise or premises are integral parts of constructing an argument. Indeed, says the language website operated by Purdue University, the very definition of an argument is that it is an assertion of a conclusion based on logical premises. Nonfiction writing uses the same terminology as in philosophy, such as  syllogism, which Purdue OWL describes as the simplest sequence of logical premises and conclusions. Nonfiction writers use a premise or premises as the backbone of a piece such as an editorial, opinion article, or even a letter to the editor of a newspaper. Premises are also useful for developing and writing an outline for a debate. Purdue gives this example: Nonrenewable resources do not exist in infinite supply. [premise 1]Coal is a nonrenewable resource. [premise 2]Coal does not exist in infinite supply. [conclusion] The only difference in nonfiction writing versus the use of premises in philosophy is that nonfiction writing generally does not distinguish between major and minor premises. Fiction writing also uses the concept of a premise but in a different way, and not one connected with making an argument. James M. Frey, as quoted on  Writers Digest, notes: The premise is the foundation of your story—that single core statement of what happens to the characters as a result of the actions of a story.† The writing website gives the example of the story The Three Little Pigs, noting that the premise is: â€Å"Foolishness leads to death, and wisdom leads to happiness.† The well-known story does not seek to create an argument, as is the case in philosophy and nonfiction writing. Instead, the story itself is the argument, showing how and why the premise is accurate, says Writers Digest: If you can establish what your premise is at the beginning of your project, you will have an easier time writing your story. Thats because the fundamental concept you create in advance will drive the actions of your characters. Its the characters—and to some degree the plot—that prove or disprove the premise of the story. Other Examples The use of premises is not limited to philosophy and writing. The concept can also be useful in science, such as in the study of genetics or biology versus environment, which is also known as the nature-versus-nurture debate.  In Logic and Philosophy: A Modern Introduction, Alan Hausman, Howard Kahane, and Paul Tidman give this example: Identical twins often have different IQ test scores. Yet such twins inherit the same genes. So environment must play some part in determining IQ. In this case, the argument consists of three statements: Identical twins often have different IQ  scores. [premise]Identical twins inherit the same genes. [premise]The environment must play some part in  determining  IQ. [conclusion] The use of the premise even reaches into religion and theological arguments.  Michigan State University  (MSU) gives this example: God exists, for the world is an organized system and all organized systems must have a creator. The creator of the world is God. The statements provide  reasons why God exists, says MSU. The argument of the statements can be organized into premises and a conclusion. Premise 1: The world is an organized system.Premise 2: Every organized system must have a creator.Conclusion: The creator of the world is God. Consider the Conclusion You can use the concept of the premise in countless areas, so long as each premise is true and relevant to the topic. The key to laying out a premise or premises (in essence, constructing an argument) is to remember that premises are assertions that, when joined together, will lead the reader or listener to a given conclusion, says the  San Jose State University Writing Center, adding: The most important part of any premise is that your audience will accept it as true. If your audience rejects even one of your premises, they will likely also reject your conclusion, and your entire argument will fall apart.​ Consider the following assertion: â€Å"Because greenhouse gases are causing the atmosphere to warm at a rapid rate...† The San Jose State writing lab notes that whether this is a solid premise depends on your audience: If your readers are members of an environmental group, they will accept this premise without qualms. If your readers are oil company executives, they may reject this premise and your conclusions. When developing one or more premises, consider  the rationales and beliefs not just of your audience  but also of your opponents, says San Jose State. After all, your whole point in making an argument is not just to preach to a like-minded audience but to convince others of the correctness of your point of view. Determine what givens† you accept that your opponents do not, as well as where two sides of an argument can find common ground. That point is where you will find effective premises to reach your conclusion, the writing lab notes. Source Hausman, Alan. Logic and Philosophy: A Modern Introduction. Howard Kahane, Paul Tidman, 12th Edition, Cengage Learning, January 1, 2012.

An Experiment On Social Media - 851 Words

If someone signed up for an experiment to just spend 500 dollars for an entire day they would never regret it, right? Typically most people would be up to the idea and the sign up sheets would fill up quick, even though there is a slight catch. The participant cannot be in contact with anyone they know, which includes using social media. In hindsight, signing up for this experiment seemed like the perfect opportunity to be alone and spend money on things like a movie ticket and popcorn, cute clothes, and maybe even starbucks; however, I was sadly very wrong. The experiment started on February 14th and I was excited to roam around Phoenix and spend money for the sake of psychological science. When the researchers of different genders came to pick me up from my house I noticed that they had unique name tags, instead of saying their names the name tags said â€Å"researcher one† and â€Å"researcher two†. â€Å"Mrs. Nyx?† said researcher two as the female researcher detached her pen from her clipboard and clicked the black ball point pen. â€Å"Yes,† I replied while I stepped out of my house and lock the front door behind me. Both of the researchers nodded and turned to walk towards their car while I followed behind. The male researcher climbed into the front seat while researcher one sat next to me so she can debrief me for the experiment. â€Å"During this experiment you are aware that you can’t be in contact with anyone that you know including family and friends,† asked researcher two asShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Cognitive Ability On Social Media Use1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough print media, through email, and by phone, the entire process being randomized. 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Strategic Management And Business Policy - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Management And Business Policy? Answer: Introduction The purpose of this task is to provide a brief overview of the success story of the company Carsales; the organization took a major step to initiate their business online. CEO Greg Roebuck took a major decision of innovating the business and using different strategies in the field of internet. Further, the company analyzed the marketing and then implemented strategies for the success by risking their business. The risk successfully helped the company to grow in the target market. The below mentioned answers talk about the activities of business which helped them to survive. Strategic Management Approach of Carsales Strategic management refers to the process of implementing and formulating activities in the management in such a way that competence is achieved by the organization. The strategic management approach in an organization helps them to consider the external and internal environments and implement goals in such a way that the organization earns a competitive advantage. Further talking about the case study, it shall be noted that Carsales is a company which was founded with a small motive to provide the car ads in a more classified manner. The organization strategically evaluated all the factors affecting the growth of the company and which can help them to sustain in the market. With this process, they created a goal for the organization that competes with the largest competitor present in the industry and list 3000 cars in the website of the company (Robbins, et. al., 2016). Further, in order to satisfy the goal, the management analyzed the market feature which can help them or act as a barrier to their growth. Internet was not accessible by all at that time, and the company majorly focused on developing the business online. This analysis helped the company to gain information about the competitors prevailing in the market and the internal and external factor which can help in the sustainability of the business. Afterwards, CEO Greg initiated strategy formulation under which they formed the strategies to review the information gleaned from the crux of the analysis (Carsales 2018). This step of the company helped them to determine the resources and strategies which they shall use to reach the defined goal of the organization. So, under strategy formulation, the initial strategy which the company decided was to innovate the business practices of the company by implementing technological process under them. The strategic formulation of the company reflected three aspects which they wanted to include in their business process that is, development and improvement of quantity, quality and consistency of information in the classified. So, in order to change the ways of posting ads on newspaper, the company formulated strategies (Hill, Jones, and Schilling 2014). While considering all the above mentioned aspects, the company created strategies which were implemented successfully. CEO Greg analyzed the business opportunities and efficiently worked on them to create identification in the market. The management then created unique selling points in their business which helped to consistently make use of all the available resources and change the phase of classified ads in the market. These attributes of the company were successfully utilized by to promote success for the business. The first USP of the company was their business model; the model of the company motivated them to carry on their business activities on the internet. Until that time, very few people used the services of internet so the company targeted the particular section of the market that was using the internet. Further, they promoted their activities and added an attractive feature in the classification of ads like flat fee till the purchase of car by the customer which helped t hem to grow rapidly (Goetsch, and Davis 2014). Other USP of the company that is using specialized technology to create high-quality ads helped them to create distinctiveness in the market. As no company present in the market was using the internet to post ads due to which the company gained the first mover advantage in the market and succeed as well. The third USP of the company which was to use innovation so as to continuously provide customer a better experience while working with them helped Carsales to fulfill the goals as well. Also, the third USP helped the company in long-term planning and sustainability of the business (Ginter, Duncan, and Swayne 2018). Development and sustainability of competitive advantage gained by Carsales Competitive advantage refers to the process of gaining an advantage over the competitors in present in the market. An organization can create competitive advantage by providing satisfying products and services to the customer present in the market. Further, it shall be noted that it is easy for an organization to gain competitive advantage in the market it is more important for them to maintain sustainability in the competitive advantage gained by the company. Sustainable competitive advantage helps an organization to create own way in the market maintain a fixed position as well. Further competitive advantage can be gained by focusing on three aspects that are, cost leadership, focus, differentiation and differentiation (Wheelen, and Hunger 2017). Cost leadership refers to the ability of a business to introduce their product in the market with low cost or the cost less than what the competitors are offering. Low cost will increase the level of profit for the company and will also increase the level of satisfaction for the customers as well. Further differential strategy refers to the process of differentiating the products and services offered by the company in the market. This aspect attracts the customers towards the high quality, innovative and attractive products and services in the market. Lastly, the focus strategy refers aims to initiate their focus on a particular segment of the market not everyone (Grefrath, Wagner, and Stermann 2017.). This strategy is applied when the company or customer do not enough resources to target the whole market so they target a particular segment. The company Carsales used the differential focus strategy to gain the competitive advantage in the target market. With the differential strategy the company implied differential qualities in the services which they serve in the market and with the focus strategy, they only targeted the people who use the internet in their lifestyle. The company earned value in the market by adequately providing quality services to the customers present in the market. The company used innovative technology to attract the customers in their market due to which people started using internet using their website as well. Apart from that, the company also gained the first mover advantage in the market (Schaltegger, Burritt, and Petersen 2017). Nowadays many organization try to replicate the business process which was used by Carsales in the market, but the company can still maintain their identified position in the market. Carsales can maintain their image in market by expanding their business and regularly providing quality services to the customers. The company is diversifying their business into new channels, markets, and geographic regions. Expansions will the help to gain fixed position in the market, as Carsales hold goodwill so they will not face difficulty in diversifying their business (West, Ford, and Ibrahim 2015). Also, the management continuously focuses on new opportunities present in the market and monitors them so as to improve their current position. Further the organization also repeatedly aims to create a benchmark against their competitions which will easily show the customers the value of both companies in the market. Thus in this way, the Carsales continuously tries to use new technology and serve the ir customers in a better way to gain sustainable competitive advantage (Moriarty, et. al., 2014). Reason for success of Carsales The fact shall be noted that no operations can gain success in the market just because of the sources present in the internal market or external prevailing factors. Both factors together help the company gain competitive advantage. Like, if the company aims to use the internet to promote the services and the customers present in the external market do not use the internet then even if the company would try to provide the best of their services; still, they won't be able to make sales. Thus, it is said that both the factors together create success for the company in the market (Grant 2016). Similarly, in the case of Carsales, the company earned competitive advantage with the use of both available sources in the market. Internal sources helped the company in such a way that it helped them to implement and formulate strategies according to their goals and objectives. Also, the employees (human resource) supported the CEO in implementing their goal into success. The employees provided quality services along with internet services due to which the customer got attracted in the market. Further talking about external services it shall be noted that the company gained the first mover advantage in the market. Apart from that segment of customers using internet helped them to increase their sales and initiate success in the target market (Lewandowski 2016). Thus, in this way both the services together initiated sustainability of the company in the market. Further external factors like, internet and interest of customers on the internet helped them to raise the interest of target customers and promotes sales; due to which subsequently the company earned profit in the market (Grant and Grant 2016). Helpful SWOT Analysis in the grow of Carsales SWOT analysis of Carsales is discussed below: Strength: The major strength of the company was differentiation in the services provided by them. As till that time no company was providing car sales ads on the internet, due to which the company gained the first mover advantage as well. Further technology and innovation acted as strength for the company to reach the target customers. Weakness: Weakness of the company is increasing competition in the market. The threat of new entrants in the market can affect the current position of Carsales in the market (Aguirre, et al., 2015). Opportunities: The Company has the opportunity to grow their business in the international market. As Carsales has now earned a reputed position in the domestic so the company gains the opportunity to target the customers in international market increase sales as well. Introduction of new products can also help Carsales to grow rapidly. The company can promote other vehicles also apart from the car, like boat, motorbikes etc. This will increase the target market for the company and the customers as well. Threat: The biggest threat to the company is the threat of replication of their business. Now days emerging business can replicate their business model and increase their sales in the market. Further rapidly growing technology can also act threat for the company. It can make the activities of the company inefficient (Hsu and Pann 2017). The SWOT analysis helps an organization to understand both internal and external factor affecting the growth of the company in the global market. So, the SWOT analysis of Carsales will help Greg to look after the strengths of the company and apply them properly in the management to attain growth. Further, the threat and weakness will help Greg to evaluate the ways in which he can save the company from these risks. SWOT in an internal as well as external analysis, so it will tell the company about the internal factor which can adequately use and areas where they need to focus. And it also tells about the external aspect which can act as an opportunity for the company to sustain their competitive advantage in the market. The threats will help the company to analyze the growing competition in the market. Thus, in this way, SWOT analysis will become helpful for the company to grow in the market (Sadhasivam, and Priya 2015). Conclusion Thus in the limelight of above mentioned events, the fact that shall be noted is that the Carsales has successfully made use of all the available resources and capabilities to increase its success in the external environment. The aforementioned task talks about the success of the company and its reason and strategic implementation which they used to gain success. It also explains the SWOT analysis which the CEO can use to promote their product in the market. References Aguirre, E., Mahr, D., Grewal, D., de Ruyter, K. and Wetzels, M., 2015. Unraveling the personalization paradox: The effect of information collection and trust-building strategies on online advertisement effectiveness.Journal of Retailing,91(1), pp.34-49. Carsales., 2018. Our Company. Viewed on January 23, 2018 from https://www.carsales.com.au/carsales-info/about-carsales Ginter, P.M., Duncan, J. and Swayne, L.E., 2018.The Strategic Management of Healthcare Organizations . John Wiley Sons. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Grant, R.M., 2016 Grant, R.M., 2016. How smart, connected products are transforming companies.Harvard Business Review,93(10), pp.96-114. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Grefrath, C., Wagner, D. and Stermann, S., 2017. Products and Services in a Sustainable World. InValue Networks in Manufacturing(pp. 65-72). Springer International Publishing. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hsu, J.L. and Pann, J.H., 2017. Subsequent Reaction to Online Advertisement Disturbance.International Journal of Business Administration and Management Research,3(3), pp.1-6. Lewandowski, M., 2016. Designing the business models for circular economyTowards the conceptual framework.Sustainability,8(1), p.43. Moriarty, S., Mitchell, N.D., Wells, W.D., Crawford, R., Brennan, L. and Spence-Stone, R., 2014.Advertising: Principles and practice. Pearson Australia. Robbins, S P., DeCenzo, D., Coulter, M Woods, W., 2016. Management: The Essentials, 3rd edn, Melbourne, Pearson, Viewed on January 29, 2018 from https://revel.pearson.com Sadhasivam, P. and Priya, A.N., 2015. A Literature Review on the Impact of Television Advertising Vs. Online Advertisement among Consumers.International Journal,3(10). Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. and Petersen, H., 2017.An introduction to corporate environmental management: Striving for sustainability. Routledge. West, D.C., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. 3rd edn, (pp. 28-218). US, Oxford University Press. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson.

Collaborative Critical Appraisal of Vulnerable Populations in Disaster

Question: Describe about collaborative critical appraisal of vulnerable populations in disasters. Answer: Vulnerable populations refer to a wide range of individuals such as the homeless, the ethnic and racial minorities, the low-income children who are uninsured, chronically ill individuals, the economically disadvantaged and the elderly. These populations are highly vulnerable in their day-to-day lives and more so, when they are faced with emergencies or particular disasters. Dadaab, Kenya is the largest refugee camp in the world. More than 400,000 people fled from their countries in times of disaster, to settle there. The place is hot, sandy and windy and it stays for long before receiving rains. Among the residents of the camp, are 13,000 elderly people. This article critically appraises the vulnerability of the elderly (people above 50 years old) by assessing their immediate nutritional needs. In order to assess these nutritional needs, the article identifies nutritional status indicators that would be used, provides a description of how the vulnerability would be investigated, how the elderly would be involved and the particular challenges that would be faced in the process. Several guiding principles have been created to help the older people to deal with situations of emergencies and/or disasters. The International Plan of Action on Ageing was endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1982. The action plan was created to act as a guide for the thinking as well as for formulating programmes and policies for the aged. Nine years later after the plan was endorsed, the UN principles for Older Persons was adopted (Hokenstad and Restorick Roberts, A 2013). These principles addressed the issues of dignity, care, participation, self-fulfillment and independence. The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA) was the first global agreement to recognize older population as contributors to societal development. The plan committed governments to include ageing in all policies on economic and social development as well as programmes that reduce poverty. It also urged governments to ensure that old people are included in programmes and policies to achieve Millennium Development Goals of reducing people who were living in extreme poverty. According to Sidorenko and Walker (2004), 159 countries were in agreement with this action plan, but the problem is that it was not binding legally because its implementation is voluntary. In the Madrid plan, the core issues that can improve the lives of old people, which were recommended were as follows. On decision making and discrimination issues, governments were obliged to implement and promote human rights conventions as well as any other human rights instruments; on the issue of pensions and work, it was recommended that older people be allowed to work for as long as they would like; on health issue, governments agreed to ensure that old people gained access to curative and preventive care and rehabilitation like all other groups; and finally on the supportive environment issue, governments promised to ensure that old people had access to housing that is decent and that they would be free from violence, abuse and neglect (Sidorenko, Mikhailova and Anisimov, 2007). Even though the International plan and the UN Principles provide an action framework, more nutritional approaches and principles are required. HelpAge International (HAI), an international non-governmental organization which helps the elderly to claim their rights, recommended several principles to be used. The principles are specific to nutrition and food interventions in times when there are disasters and they assist in reinforcing the plan of action on ageing of 1982. They are six principles in total. First, older people are supposed to easily access the adequate general ration which is appropriate in terms of quality and quantity and that which is culturally acceptable and easily digestible. Second, the physiological changes which are related to ageing as well as consequences for special needs and nutrition should be reflected in the design of the programmes. Thirdly the elderly should be involved during the assessments, designs and programme implementation. Fourth, the chronic nature of the old peoples needs should be represented in the programme design. Fifth, the support structures that exist within the community should be strengthened and rebuilt as the most essential strategies for nutrition and food assistance programmes for the aged. Lastly, it is important the malnourished old persons be provided equal access to the selective feeding programmes for purposes of nutritional rehabilitation (HelpAge International, 2013). Identification of Nutritional Status Indicators According to Cdc.gov (2016), Nutritional status indicators which are used with CDC growth Charts include short stature, underweight, overweight and obesity. In addition, a group or an individual is ranked on growth chart using percentiles so that they can be referenced where they fit within the population. Anthropometric evaluation would be an important for the geriatric nutritional evaluation of the old people in this population to determine their condition. Anthropometric evaluation would help to find out the individuals who are malnutritioned, underweights, obese, overweight, those who have lost muscular mass, the redistribution of adipose tissue and individuals who have gained fat mass (Snchez-Garca et al., 2007). Anthropometric indicators would be essential in the evaluating the prognosis of acute and chronic conditions in this vulnerable population and aid in coming up with the right intervention. Nutritional status and anthropometric measurements would be evaluated as they relate to gender and age of the healthy elderly individuals. These nutritional status indicators that would be used are closely related to the environment characteristics, genetic makeup, health, lifestyle. Cultural conditions and the functional status of the individuals. Snchez-Garca et al. (2007) points out that anthropometric evaluations that are conducted by trained health professionals are non-invasive, inexpensive and they provide detailed information of body structure components, especially the fat and muscular components and they also assist to assess old peoples nutritional status. The process of ageing involves nutritional and physiological changes which are manifested by the loss of weight and height, loss of muscular mass and the increase of fat mass. The measures used would held indicate the nutritional status as they differ in both women and men. The anthropometric measurements that would be taken for nutritional status indicators will include weight, height, body mass circumferences, knee-heel length, body-mass index (BMI) and Waist to hip ratio (WHR). After the collection of these measures, the data would be validated and stored in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (Xiaoxin et al., 2014). This would make it easier to analyze data and assess the nutritional needs of this vulnerable population. How Vulnerability would be investigated Old people are nutritionally vulnerable in emergency situations. For instance, in this case study, Abdullahi, aged 70 years, flees from Somalia for insecurity reasons. He is a lucky individual who reached Dadaab Refugee camp in Kenya after travelling for fifteen days (Fritsh, 2011). Abdullahi is nutritionally vulnerable because he is issued with food for three weeks before he gets registered as a refugee. The process is expected to be complete in two months. Meanwhile, Abdullahi might be surviving from borrowing small rations from the other refugees within the camp. According to Runkle, Brock-Martin, Karmaus and Svendsen, (2012), vulnerability does not only happen in the camps, it also happens in other emergency situations. The causes of malnutrition in different situations results from food insecurities within households; inadequate care (social care and health care); and lack of healthcare services and household environments that are inadequate. In Dadaab camp, I would assess vulne rability of the elderly by relating it to either inadequate care or unhealthy environments. The common vulnerabilities that magnify the malnutrition of the elderly include their lack of understanding, disability levels, difficulties to access services and absence of family support. These make older people to be the most vulnerable group in the community. In old age, the quantity and quality of food matter in order to meet the nutrient needs (HelpAge International, 2013). The nutrient density of food should be increased so as to compensate the low energy intakes that exist in the elderly. Just like the other groups within the population, older people require balanced diet. As human body ages, muscle and fat composition changes according to the modifications caused by hormonal activities. Fat stores increase as muscles are lost progressively. This affects an individuals ability to maintain balance as they make movements. The individuals are likely to fall often and their abilities to fight or flee when there is danger are limited. When psychosocial stress, disability or illness leads to loss of appetite in the elderly, there are high chances that they would face nutritional risks which would be worsened further by emergency cases or disasters. Such situations might lead the individuals to have inadequate energy when their bodies require it. How the Old People would be involved in the Assessment In order to conduct the exercise of assessing the nutritional needs as well as vulnerability of the old people in Dadaab camp, I will have to involve them so that the assessment is efficient. The immediate nutrient needs of these individuals vary depending on the different factors that affect the individuals differently. For instance, old people often have different health complications that affect their food consumption. In this refugee camp, some elderly people might be suffering from gum disease or loss of teeth which makes it difficult for them to chew and swallow food. These will be limited to certain types of foods. Others will have physical problems and loss of senses, problems that interfere with the individuals ability to access food or sunlight which is essential for vitamin D. It is also common for individuals to be separated from their immediate family members during disasters if they were suffering from reduced eyesight or mobility. This leads to their inability to successfully find foods or cook. Social isolation occurs to individuals who have lost vision or hearing senses. Such individuals eat alone and this causes poor appetites. Such individuals are undernourished since they dont get the necessary diets (HelpAge International, 2013). In this case study it is necessary to work with the older people during the assessment in order to identify the problems that each one of them faces. This would ensure that every old person is heard and considered in any design that would later be planned. As the assessor, the best way to ensure that I engage every individual would be to move around the camp collecting the information so that even the bedridden ones and those with less mobility can be reached in their tents. Studies indicate that Dadaab Camp is located in a place where the weather is often hot. Though old people are vulnerable to dehydration, the situation may be worsened by the hot weather in the area or outbreaks such as cholera and diarrhea. While assessing the immediate nutritional needs in this area, it is important to determine how accessible safe water is. Such information would best be achieved only if the residents of the camp are engaged. The immune system of human body declines with age. Nutrient deficiencies also compromise immunity levels. When malnutrition combines with age, the older population becomes highly vulnerable to diseases that are infectious. The level of infections would help in assessing the immediate nutritional needs of elderly people in the Camp. Expected Challenges during the Assessment Like in other different cases, the common challenge I would face would be informing communities that there are laws, rules and policies which protect the rights of old people and that they need to be implemented. It is the sovereign obligation of states to protect the vulnerable populations according to the UN resolutions, different intergovernmental organizations and the international law. The international human rights law (IHRL) prohibits any kind of discrimination including discrimination on age basis (Olson, 2009). The law asserts that every individual has fundamental rights and states must protect them at all times even during emergencies. The international humanitarian law (IHL) protects all people during armed conflicts so long as they dont take part in those hostilities. The 1949 Geneva Conventions as well as other 1977 Protocols enshrine this right (Geneva Conventions, 2006). IHL does not represent certain individual groups; however, it considers certain vulnerabilities that are experienced by particular categories in the populations that are conflict-affected (Lanz, Max and Hoehne, 2014). Fourth Geneva Convention has two provisions that request for the attention and protection of groups such as the older individuals: The 14th article, first paragraph mentions aged persons among the the sick, children below fifteen years, mothers with children of less than seven, expectant mothers and the wounded, as the groups that should be specially protected. The seventeenth article of the convention also seeks to protect the infirm, sick, wounded, maternity cases, children and the aged people from conflicting parties (Geneva Conventions, 2006). Even though these conventions offer protection, it would be challenging for them to be implemented. In relation to this case study, where refugees free from their countries and settle in Dadaab, Kenya, the old people are still offered protection by certain rules, laws and policies. It will be challenging to convince the local communities that the refugees have a right to be there and must be protected. The 1951 convention that relates to Refugees status along with different regional and international treaties offer protection to populations that seek security and safety in other territories or countries. The protection also applies to individuals who have been internally displaced according to the international human rights laws. The 1998 Internal Displacement Guiding Principles protect the internally displaced individuals (Ache and Majinge, 2010). The Kampala convention came into being on December 2012. Some of these conventions are not legally binding and this provides challenges in terms of implementation (UNHCR, 2016). The governments in the affected regions are sometimes ignor ant arguing that more of their resources would be wasted. Some of the other important principles for the aged that are lightly considered and easily ignored include: The UN Principles for Older Persons that insist on the care, independence, dignity, self-fulfillment and participation of older persons; the MIPAA that was endorsed in 2002 by the UN General assembly; and the Humanitarian Charter Sphere as well as Minimum Standards of the Humanitarian Response that established assistance and protection as the main pillars in Humanitarian action (Sidorenko, 2004). The vulnerable individuals including the older people in the population are protected in a large manner internationally, regionally and locally. The main challenge remains implementation of the created rules, laws, policies and principles. This remains to be a problem for all aid agencies. In conclusion, when disasters strike, the elderly find it difficult to access food. For instance, when Abdullahi flees from his country, it becomes difficult for him to register for food immediately. For others, it becomes challenging for them to access food distribution points and even transport the food from one point to another. These challenges undermine equal access to nutritional needs. Sometimes it is difficult for them elderly to consume food that has been provided because of the various reasons such as difficulties in cooking or chewing. Like in every population with old people, Dadaab faces these challenges and the vulnerability of the elderly exacerbates due to other additional factors (Fritsh, 2011). Immediate nutritional needs of the elderly can best be assessed by taking every facto into consideration and ensuring that the elderly are involved in the assessment. References Ache, C. and Majinge, C. (2010). International Law as a Mechanism to Advance the Rights of the Displaced in Africa: Examining the Role of the African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of the Internally Displaced Persons in Africa. African Yearbook of International Law Online / Annuaire Africain de droit international Online, 18(1), pp.413-449. Cdc.gov, (2016). Nutritional Status Indicators, Using the CDC Growth Charts and Overview CDC Growth Charts. [online] Cdc.gov. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/growthcharts/training/overview/page5_1.html [Accessed 22 Sep. 2016]. Fritsh, P. (2011). East Africa crisis: Older refugees arrive at Dadaab in search of better life. [online] Helpage.org. Available at: https://www.helpage.org/blogs/pascale-fritsch-2312/east-africa-crisis-older-refugees-arrive-at-dadaab-in-search-of-better-life-315/ [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Geneva Conventions, 2006, International Law Update, 12, pp. 124-127 HelpAge International, (2013). Nutrition Interventions for Older People in Emergencies. [online] London WC1A 9GB, UK: HelpAge International, pp.1-68. Available at: https://nutritioncluster.net/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/06/Nutrition-FINAL.pdf [Accessed 23 Sep. 2016]. Hokenstad, M, Restorick Roberts, A 2013, 'The United Nations Plans for a Future Free of Ageism and Elder Invisibility', Generations, 37, 1, pp. 76-79 Lanz, M, Max, E, Hoehne, O 2014, 'The Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention of 17 December 2014 and the duty to ensure respect for international humanitarian law', International Review Of The Red Cross, 96, 895-896, pp. 1115-1133 Olson, L 2009, 'Practical Challenges Of Implementing The Complementarity Between International Humanitarian And Human Rights Law--Demonstrated By The Procedural Regulation Of Internment In Non-International Armed Conflict', Case Western Reserve Journal Of International Law, 40, 3, pp. 437-461, Business Source Complete Runkle, J, Brock-Martin, A, Karmaus, W, Svendsen, E 2012, 'Secondary Surge Capacity: A Framework for Understanding Long-Term Access to Primary Care for Medically Vulnerable Populations in Disaster Recovery', American Journal Of Public Health, 102, 12, pp. e24-e32 Snchez-Garca, S., Garca-Pea, C., Duque-Lpez, M., Jurez-Cedillo, T., Corts-Nez, A. and Reyes-Beaman, S. (2007). Anthropometric measures and nutritional status in a healthy elderly population. BMC Public Health, 7(1). Sidorenko, A 2004, Implementation of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Aging: Research dimension, Geriatrics Gerontology International, 4, pp. S87-S89 Sidorenko, A, Mikhailova, O, Anisimov, V 2007. Implementation of the Madrid international plan of action on aging: The role of research, Archives Of Gerontology Geriatrics, 44, pp. 365-370 Sidorenko, A, Walker, A 2004, The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing: from conception to implementation, Ageing Society, 24, 2, pp. 147-165 UNHCR, (2016). African Union Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention). [online] UNHCR. Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/4ae9bede9.html [Accessed 22 Sep. 2016]. Xiaoxin, D, Ling, L, Shiyi, C, Huajie, Y, Fujian, S, Chen, Y, Yanhong, G, Yunxia, W, Xiaoxu, Y, Xing, X, Jun, X, Yi, S, Zuxun, L 2014, Focus on vulnerable populations and promoting equity in health service utilization an analysis of visitor characteristics and service utilization of the Chinese community health service, BMC Public Health, 14, 1, pp. 900-919

Password Protection free essay sample

Today, everyone is having online banking account and   e-mail account . Safety is an important aspect. If some intruder steal our password, then we have to pay high price for it. So protecting password is a significant factor for each and every one in this e-world. This speech provides mechanism to protect our online password. Choosing a Good Password Your password is what tells the computer that you are who you say you are. Until we can do retina scans like in James Bond movies, the password is the best that we can do. But, because your password is like a key to your account, you need to safeguard it. Anyone who has your password can get into your account, and your files. Anyone who can guess your password has it. Anyone who has your password can pose as you. Therefore, you may be held responsible for someone elses actions, if they are able to get your password. We will write a custom essay sample on Password Protection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You may not wish this to happen. Tips on safeguarding your password * First and foremost, NEVER give your password to anyone. Anyone means your coworkers, your spouse, your systems administrator. In the event of an emergency, the sysadmin can change your password. Your sytems administrator never has a need to know your personal password. If someone needs to get onto our machines, and has a reason to be here, do not give them access to your account. Speak to the systems staff about us setting up an account for them. We would be very happy to give them one. * Make your password something you can remember. Do not write it down. If you really, honestly forget your password, we can easily give you a new one. Wed rather set your password once a month because you forgot it than have someone find it written down and gain unauthorized access to your account. * Make your password difficult for others to guess. This is not as hard as it initially seems. See the section below on chosing a good password. * DO NOT Change your password because of mail from someone claiming to be your systems administrator, supposedly needing access to your files!! This is a popular scam in some circles. Remember, your systems administrator never needs your password for any reason. If someone needs to ask you to change your password so that they can gain entry to your account, they do not have reason to be there. We run sophisticated password crackers on the password files of our machines.

Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography essays

Benjamin Franklin The Autobiography essays "It will be remarked that, tho` my Scheme was not wholly without Religion there was in it no Mark of any of the distinguishing Tenets of any particular Sect. I had purposely avoided them; for being fully persuaded of the Utility and Excellency of my method, and that it might be serviceable to People in all Religions, and intending some time or other to publish it, I would not have anything in it that should prejudice anyone of any Sect against it. I purposed writing a little Comment on each Virtue, in which I would have shown the Advantages of possessing it, and the Mischiefs attending its opposite Vice; and I should have called my Book the ART of Virtue, because it would have shown the Means and Manner of obtaining Virtue; which would have distinguish`d it from the mere Exhortation to be good, that does not instruct and indicate the Means; but is like the Apostles Man of verbal Charity, who only , without showing to the Naked and the Hungry how or where they might get Clothes o r Victuals, exhorted them to be fed and clothed. James II, 15, 16." Benjamin Franklins beliefs are greatly indebted to the European Enlightenment whose basic assumption was a constant faith in the power of human reason. The impressing discoveries associated to this epoch prompted people to assume that through the use of reason a progress of humanity could be possible-progress in knowledge, in technical achievement, and even in moral values. Influenced by the philosophy of John Locke, the writers adherents of this trend came to believe that knowledge is not innate, but is derived only from experience and observation guided by reason. Moreover, humanity itself could be altered and its nature improved. Great emphasis was put on the discovery of truth through the observation of nature, rather than through the study of authoritative sources, such as the Bible. They also thought that human aspirations should not be centered on the afterlife, but on...

Oliver Stones 1991 film JFK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Oliver Stones 1991 film JFK - Essay Example minal case in the country that charged anyone with conspiracy in the death of the president or called into question the results of the Warren Commission. At the same time, it takes a look into the personal life of Garrison as he dealt with both internal and external pressures in bringing this case to trial. Because of the way in which he goes about detailing the development of various theories as to what happened that afternoon in Texas, Stone’s interpretation makes it clear in a very public way that at the least, the Warren Commission could not have been correct in its findings when it ruled a lone gunman achieved the death of a president. Up to the release of the movie, Americans were falling asleep regarding the details behind the assassination, but with its release, they once again asked the questions that had remained unanswered since the House Select Committee on Assassination Report was released in 1979 (Renner, n.d.). To understand how Stone’s individual interpr etation of the events leading up to the murder of JFK are supported within the film to provoke such a reaction, an analysis will be made of film formats, color usage and appeals to reality.

Business development plan. This requires you to demonstrate that you Essay

Business development plan. This requires you to demonstrate that you learnt from the management theory from the lectures and se - Essay Example The book store is located at Gloucester road in Bristol, UK. The study also took help from secondary sources such as â€Å"Love Gloucester Road† website in order to understand nature of business operation for a book store (Love Gloucester Road, 2013). Currently the book store operating in brick and mortar format but the owner of the book store is considering of changing from its traditional business into e-commerce. The store offers books on various topics ranging from Science, Commerce, Management, Fictions and Non-fictions. Target customers for the book store are students, professionals, senior citizens of local community. The book store earns significant amount of revenue by selling second-hand books to customers. It has been realized by the owner of the bookstore that floor space of the store is too small to accommodate large set of customers at a particular time hence they are planning to sell books through an online platform in order to cater to the demand of large pool of customers in systematic manner. Sweeney (2006) has pointed out that small businesses move into e-commerce platform for three reasons such as 1- creating brand awareness, 2- decreasing overhead cost and 3- competing with big players in the market. In the last decade itself, there has been a surge in second hand book selling in England, which can be a very prospective market to harp on. Industry trend is showing that demand for e-books, kindles and epub files is growing at steady rate for last five years (Davenport, 2012). Companies like Amazon, eBay have changed the concept of brick and mortar book stores by introducing online bookstores. Online bookstores are providing facilities like home delivery, cash on delivery and others which have helped them to create a large consumer base within last few years. Being a part of this ever changing book industry, every business house must try and adopt itself to suit the needs of customers who prefer online shopping over traditional brick a nd mortar retail shopping. Therefore, an online portal will give this book industry a common platform where all customers can mingle, interact and most importantly buy and sell books with the click of a button. It takes minimal effort and cost for a small book store to e-commercialize its business. For example, e-commercialization can help a book store to decrease various overhead costs such as maintenance cost, rent, electricity charges and wages. It is evident from the above discussion that lower overhead cost caused by e-commercialization can help a bookstore to adopt penetration pricing strategy in order achieve competitive advantage over other book stores. An online transformation has innumerable benefits, and one of it is its global reach. A physical store somewhere in Gloucester will only cater to customers from its surroundings, but an online business has no boundaries and people from all across the globe are its potential customers. An online business has numerous other ben efits apart from reach and cost. It is much faster than the traditional method of business with faster transaction process, faster inventory management and faster information storage. An online shop never closes down contrary to the ordinary shop, which has its fixed timings when it remains open. One of the 4 Ps of marketing is Place, and every business strives to enhance it by broadening its distribution channels and its temporal and spatial convenience. An online portal fulfils just

Political sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Political sciences - Essay Example Their goal was to create a Jewish homeland, and from then onwards the conflicts between Palestine and Jews began to erupt. (A Synopsis of the Israel/Palestine Conflict) This conflict has reached some fearful proposition in the current century when Israel has intruded into the Gaza city killing so many civilians, accusing them of responsible for terrorist attack in Israel. The solution for this conflict is dangerously complicated since it is associated with so many political, social, cultural and religious aspects. Most Palestinians believe that the West Bank and Gaza are entirely belonging to their authority and Israel has no claim at all on these cities. On the other hand Israel is not ready to recognize these claims. For them most parts of these cities are belonging to their territory and Palestine’s claims are not justifiable. The border of Jerusalem is the most disputed issue in this conflict. Jerusalem is equally important for Jews, Christians and Islam because of Abraham who is believed to be a sacred person for all these three communities. Israel doesn’t want to divide Jerusalem and they are trying to establish their supremacy over other religions regarding this holy city. Now the majority of the people staying in this city are Jews and hence Israel not ready to give up their claims on this city. Palestinians nowadays strongly believe that Israel is trying to conquer the entire Palestine and they will never allow creating an independent Palestine state. On the other hand Israelis believe that Palestine wanted to control the entire Palestine region. Both parties have their own convincing reasons also to believe like these. The mutual belief and confidence are at the lowest level and hence it is even difficult to bring them around a table for discussion. Both the Israel and the Palestine have moderates and extremists in their side which make reaching a resolution more complicated. Any compromise

Failed Anticorruption Mechanisms In The Philippines

Failed Anticorruption Mechanisms In The Philippines Corruption has been universally characterized as the misuse or the abuse of public office for private gain. Its manifestations come in different forms such as illegal enticements and pay-offs, extortion, fraud, nepotism, graft, speed money, pilferage, theft, and embezzlement, falsification of records, kickbacks, influence peddling and campaign contributions. Although corruption is known to be an attribute of the public sector, it also exists in other facets of governance, like political parties, private business sector and NGOs (USAID, 2005; World Bank, 2001). Combating corruption is, evidently, important in its own right because when it is left unimpeded, it will have an acerbic effect on a democracy and in the general well being of a nation. Similarly, fighting corruption can serve as a switch or a tool resulting in wide-ranging economic reforms that can create a level playing field on which businesses operate. These supplementary gains can become significant components in the effort to marshal support for anti-corruption initiatives. Basically, corruption is predominantly an issue of governance; it manifests a breakdown of institutions, a dearth of competence and a lack of capability to direct society and manage its people through a framework of social, judicial, political and economic checks and balances. When formal structures and informal systems go kaput, it becomes tougher and more difficult to put into practice and put into effect laws and policies that guarantee accountability and transparency. From an institutional perspective, corruption crops up when public officials have extensive influence and ubiquitous power, little accountability and vicious inducements, or when their accountability responds to informal rather than formal forms of regulation (UNDP, 2004, p. 2). Attempts to assail corruption have grown exponentially in the last decades. High-profile cases of corruption in developing countries and emerging economies, within international organizations, and in the advanced industrial democracies have resulted to a growing public demand to attack the problem forcefully and with conviction. Addressing the Issue One could never get to the bottom of corruption by simply digging over and dig out corrupt individuals, whether they are government officials, politicians, or business people. As it is, corruption prospers in environments where legal structures are vague, the rule of law is not deeply entrenched within cultural standards and where laws and the judiciary allow employees chances to exercise or wield unrestricted authority and unlimited power throughout various levels of government. As economies embark on liberalization, corruption can surface within the very process of change. Example, privatization is a major strategy constituent in the conversion of a government-dominated economy into one driven by private initiative. However, this changeover process can alter public officials when it is merged with a blend of low government wages and economic stagnation. Clearly, it is futile to get rid of leaders for governing a corrupt system if there are no changes made into that system; simply e ducating government leaders would not be sufficient (Sullivan, 2000, pp. 3-9). In the Philippines, extensive corruption continues rage. According to the international corruption perception index, the Philippines is one of the most dishonest countries in the Asia-Pacific Region; it ranked number 126 from a list of 163 countries (Transparency International, 2006). Distribution of resources does not have transparency and many civil groups are kept out from taking part in the process of drafting and consolidating the national budget. Corruption devours a substantial proportion of government projects, with pay-offs and bureaucratic red tape being unconcealed predicament. Similarly, there still exist countless problems in the bidding processes for government projects. As it is, frail mechanisms for transparency and answerability promote bureaucratic corruption and as can be observed, institutions given the task to investigate and resolve corruption-related cases, like the Office of the Ombudsman and the Special Graft and Corruption Court or the Sandiganbayan, have sh own to lack efficiency and transparency. There have also been a number of scandals involving top government officials, a good example of which is the bribery case involving a China-based telecommunication firm (ZTE Corporation) and high-ranking government officials which further stained government integrity (BTI, 2009, p. 21). Institutions to Abolish Corruption The creation and maintenance of institutions purposely dedicated to the eradication of corruption is essential for the preservation of the rule of law as well as democratic institutions within countries. In Asia, institutions that are distinctively committed to the abolition of corruption are found in most countries of the region; however, the framework for which they base their operations has not been designed to attain their apparent purpose. Majority of the agencies have extremely restricted powers and work on diminutive budgetary allotments. These agencies frequently produce the idea of the existence of initiatives for the purging of corruption but in reality these are only shallow schemes as evidenced by the lack, and most of the times, total absence of genuine political will to produce effectual institutions that would eradicate corruption. In effect, with the absence of political will, only allegorical pronouncements are made about the purging of corruption while ruling regime s in fact want to continue with the corrupt practices intrinsic within the system. Basically, the desire of people and the will to effect change (who are the victims of corrupt practices) is strong, but unless people who have this so-called will to change can articulate such will in a vigorous manner and are prepared to topple down political leaders who wish to carry on with fraudulent practices, change for the better can never take place. Institutions purposely intended to eliminate corruption should have the following attributes (ALRC, 2010, pp. 10-11): Autonomy of mandate, powers and appointments- not solely for people who are at the helm but also for all workers giving administrative support; personnel must be given security of tenure if their independence in implementing constitutional functions is to be a reality, by creating stipulation in significant legislation that they are not likely to be removed from office other than for transgression and lack of decorum. In addition, constitutional safeguards are needed to make sure of the trustworthiness of the individuals signed up to hold public positions in these institutions, as well as to check their morality is intact. Sufficient budgetary allocations to perform researches and inquiries, hearings, deterrence efforts, education and trainings and all other related tasks necessary to attain effectiveness. A competent law enforcement component to fight corruption must incorporate an investigation wing with adequate training and resources. Accessibility for people to air out grievances through diverse methods and must have other divisions throughout the country. Accountability to parliament and responsibility through appropriate methods that have been crafted to thwart intrusions by the executive or any other branch of government. Designed within the scaffold of the rule of law and the UN Convention against Corruption Vigorous and credible programs and mechanisms are vital to combat corruption in the Philippines for three reasons: Through the media, business surveys and anti-corruption agencies, the Philippines is cited with increasing regularity as a nation where foreign and domestic investments are hampered because of corruption and whose competitive position is eroded because of its continued existence. Corruption incontrovertibly depletes existing resources for development, obstructs the right of entry to services for poor communities and destabilizes public confidence in the governments resolve and capability to serve the underprivileged. Corruption has surfaced as a critical global measure for allocating scarce development aid reserves. Strategies and Mechanisms Against Corruption The Philippines fight against corruption has lingered for decades. In this country, corruption is the offshoot of a culture of personalism in politics, a Presidential structure which gives the President an extensive range of powers and a fragile party-system incompetent in securing support through programmatic politics. Such arrangement places public policy-making in the hands of specific factions or elite circles that promote horse trading and spin fraudulent transaction within the system. It has led to institutionalization of corruption as it filters through all of the political system including official procedures and individual agencies (Balboa and Medalla, 2006, p. 12; Rocamora, 1997). A good number of self-regulating entities and activist groups have embarked on investigations and inquiries on Philippine corruption, with a common objective of upholding good governance, accountability and to aid in anti-corruption efforts (Pacoy, 2008, p. 55). However, several studies have revealed that it is not by chance why most government initiatives have been proven to be unsatisfactory and even fail in its attempts to fight corruption (Larmour and Wolanin, 2001). Quite a lot of factors pave the way and enable the culture of corruption to pervade which include the governance environment and lack of political within frail institutions (Varela, 1996). Among the most intense end results of corruption are: a) societal displacement triggered by warped economic growth, poverty and income inequity; b) crushed political trustworthiness and reliability and deflated bureaucracy; and c) jeopardized public order and safety (Larmour and Wolanin, 2001). Figure 1 Number of Anti-Corruption Programs Source: Hills Governance Center. TI-Philippines (2001), Directory of Institutions, Organizations Agencies Involved in Combating Corruption in the Philippines. Diverse initiatives have been carried out to combat corruption in the country. On the government side, these intercessions have been in the form of legal scaffolds, presidential pronouncements, proclamations and other regulations, anti-graft and corruption bodies like presidential committees, commissions, task forces and other committees and units created since the 1950s. In the 1987 Philippine Constitution, the legal framework against corruption has been provided in Article XI Section 1 which stipulates that, Public office is a public trust. Public officers and employees, must at all times, be accountable to the people, serve them with utmost responsibility, integrity, loyalty, and efficiency; act with patriotism and justice, and lead modest lives. The abovementioned article equally affords an anti-graft court and an Ombudsman (Section 5). The anti-graft court is called the Sandiganbayan and the Office of the Ombdusman is also known as the Tanodbayan. The latter has the rank equivalent to that of a Constitutional Commission. Almost each regime has a flagship committee created to respond to corruption issues and address corruption-related cases in the country (Appendix-1). However, many of them, except for the Presidential Commission against Graft and Corruption (PCAGC) that was instituted in 1994, were short lived and were substituted by a new office or task force when the term of office of the Presidents end. Fundamentally, the Philippines is not lacking in efforts in curtailing corruption. Anti-corruption policies and measures have been put in place to tackle diverse types of corrupt activities and conduct in the government. In truth, observation has been made that there are just too many laws and regulatory mechanisms and they ended up overlapping with each other. However, if just a few of them will be implemented thoroughly, these laws are adequate and wide-ranging enough to put off fraudulent practices. Almost all government administrations designed anti-corruption efforts its catchphrases and in the same way created new offices to perform these undertakings in order to produce the impression that the new administration is strict and uncompromising in its anti-corruption initiatives. However, creation of such bodies only led to superfluous functions and depletion of government resources. While the Philippines has adequately fashioned the legal scaffold to respond to the issue and address its concomitant problems and correspondingly created the institutions tasked to combat corruption, perceptibly, effective implementation of these initiatives has been truly lacking. Absence of a steadfast leadership and political will has made vulnerable these efforts to curtail corruption. It appears that crooked politicians and government officials seemed to be very creative in their methods of circumventing the safeguards that have been in place and get away with it. Hence, it becomes imperative that policies targeted at thwarting acts of corruption and curtailing opportunities for corrupt activities must be at the core of every reform initiative. Weaknesses Failure Current initiatives/mechanisms to combat corruption practices and catch fraudulent officials have several limitations that eventually lead to their failure. Among these weaknesses are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ineffectual and sluggish implementation of anti-corruption laws à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Incapability and poor coordination between anti-corruption agencies à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ The low social awareness of and high tolerance for corruption à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lack of institutionalization of government-business-civil society collaboration à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lack of integrity and accountability in government-business transactions. In addition, most anti-corruption campaigns are hampered by logistical problems. The Office of the Ombudsman, the lead government body directed by the Philippine Constitution to combat corruption, only gets 0.065% of the total national budget. These logistical problems avert the hiring of competent staff to help guarantee the prompt and successful prosecution of corrupt public officials. On top of this issue on logistics, prosecution of public officials in the Philippines has not been very effective in putting off corruption because court procedures are so sluggish and wearisome. Currently, the prosecution of corrupt public officials is exemplified by a very low conviction rate, in fact, according to a former Ombudsman official, a high-ranking government official accused of graft and corruption has 94% chances of walking away (Marcelo, 2006, p. 37). In theory, the governments high-status lifestyle check is an excellent anti-corruption program, in practice, however, it has not been very efficient in unearthing irregularities and unlawful activities committed by many top-level officials. To this point, it has not been able to push many organizational insiders to report and provide evidence on the dubious standards of living and questionable sources of wealth of many public bureaucrats. The most important weaknesses of existing anti-corruption initiatives can be traced to derisory systems of putting into effect the code of transparency and accountability of those who hold public power. As it is, government dealings are still veiled in mystery, which increases the probability of abuse or misuse of power for personal gain. These anti-corruption initiatives also depend greatly on mechanisms or instruments external to the agencies being observed. To address these weaknesses in existing anti-corruption strategies, organizational insiders or people with reliable information must be persuaded to report shady practices that principally transpire in organizational settings. Prompting the silent majority to report corrupt practices will generate alternative cultures or behavior that will in due course eliminate individual and societal leniency for corruption. Strengthening Anti-Corruption Initiatives In the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (NEDA, 2004), the national government comes clean with the fact that corruption is a key obstruction to continued growth and development of the country and acknowledges that existing anti-corruption initiatives that include legislative actions and administrative measures to improve transparency and effectiveness of sanctions against corrupt behavior, have fallen short of expectations. The Office of the Ombudsman, the constitutional body tasked to curtail, if not totally eliminate, corruption, principally applies punitive and retributive procedures to in its anti-corruption approach. It also supports the employment of forceful imposition of administrative sanctions, swift investigations and prosecution of graft cases and responsive public assistance as instruments to fight corruption. Concentrated graft watch over the system of government, values formation, collaboration with other government agencies, and enhancements in systems and procedures are the other constituents of its anti-corruption strategy. However, taken as a whole, the existing anti-corruption initiatives, which include the then high-profile lifestyle checks of public officials and employees, continue to perform below expectations (MTPDP, 2004). Conclusion Corruption is actually a governance issue because it involves efficient implementation of institutions and the well-organized and competent management of society via its political, economic, social and judicial mechanisms. With the collapse or failure of these formal and informal institutions, laws and policies that guarantee accountability and transparency of the government become harder to put into operation. It can be gleaned then that ruling groups, at their will, can lessen accountability, either by lack of transparency or by affirming particular spheres of decision making off limits to inspection and intercession. Therefore, it is imperative that mechanisms aiming to reduce and curtain opportunities to dominate power are in place so that actions and activities that could undercut accountability are instantaneously forestalled and obstructed. Ex-ante or preventive strategies should also be the core element of reform. Furthermore, since this issue is associated with the quality of leaders the country has, it is important that the anti-corruption endeavor is focused on political reform and democratization. In the Philippines, one of the root causes of corruption is tremendous personalism in Philippine politics and the winner takes all system of elections. Policies that will neutralize this structure must be endorsed. Likewise, the anti-corruption approach must be highlighted by a committed leadership and proficient management to enable the execution of programs and make these programs and initiatives sustainable in the long run. Additionally, continued reengineering of the bureaucracy is also a great necessity, with reforms centered not only on attaining effectiveness and value, but also inculcating a culture of rules in the system. Lesson can be learned from Thai anti-corruption activist Pasuk Phongpaichit in curbing corruption. According to this activist, the control of corruption demands three strategies first, the formal machinery of monitoring officials and politicians needs to be drastically improved. There is a need for political will to implement this; second, this will can be generated by popular pressure. We cannot expect the bureaucrats and politicians who benefit from the political system to reform themselves; and third, the public must be educated to exert moral and political pressure to outlaw corruption. The mobilization of such public pressure depends on a clearer understanding of the modern concepts of public office and public service and a more widespread awareness of the social costs and political risks which corruption entails. Six years (after 2001) since Transparency International accentuated the principal role of government in anti-corruption initiatives and governance reforms, the same call for action is perceived by civil servants today and is slowly but surely pervading the consciousness of Filipino constituents leading to the implacable demand for civil service reforms, financial competence and authentic civil society participation. Since fighting corruption is everyones concern, forceful and potent crusades are needed aside from passionate advocacy. The initiatives to diminish hoaxes and corruption in the government service no longer sound as idealistic or impossible as they were decades ago as the Filipino youth and the masses are fully conscious to the bleak reality that as long as corruption is left uncheck, integrity in politics and in the civil service will remain tainted and while politics is tarnished with issues on procurement and fiscal integrity, the civil service is perceived to have been constrained with public service delivery. Moral profligacy is extensive because even those with the highest righteous objectives are influenced to part with their morals into the politics of corruption. The fight against corruption should be more focused on state capture instead of defining it as an agency problem. Right now the battleground should be shifted from small wars (principal-agent problem) to a grand war (grand corruption, state capture). The challenge lies in the evolution of strategies that are more creative and rigorous and because the challenges are greater the more energy is needed. Due to the fact that the Philippines are a soft state, the country only has few resources to do the battle. Therefore it makes sense to concentrate resources on strategies that would make a big difference and provide the impetus for changes along a broad front. Said in other words this would mean to do a lot for little instead of doing a little for a lot. Also, a shift should take place from personal (patronage) to impersonal exchange (rules that are enforced impartially). The country should come up with mechanism to develop constructs in which there are favorable incentives to impersonal transactions. Concluding one could argue that a good starting point is to devolve the power of discretion related through state capture, and to effectively reduce it by ensuring that big ticket items are out of reach of the few big payers who hold concentrated authority. The danger of course lies in the fact that this could lead to a decentralization of corruption. However, this would at least deal with a greater numbers of rent seekers which would restrict any one faction to a limited domain and prevents it from capturing regulations (Gonzalez et al., 2006, pp.41-42). Another matter of significance is that an enabling environment should must be created with incentives and disincentives for change because this is a critical factor in the choice and stepwise implementation of reform initiatives. And so as to obtain more insight into the problem of state capture, the political culture must be explored well to see how it works. Undertakings that are executed must be made sustainable because standalone endeavors are prone to be susceptible to state capture. Likewise, in order to prevent that new initiatives are blocked by inefficiencies at other levels, it is important that they transform into more comprehensive programs. Therefore, it is imperative that while helpful windows of opportunity may crop up, there is a need to focus on the long-term character of reform and to deal with existing expectations. To do this, actions that need to be embarked upon must be commenced with the necessary budget resources as well as capable and skillful manager to impl ement the targeted and programmatic anti-corruption campaign. This is the part where civil society can play a vital role in the process because business associations and NGOs can help identify and classify priorities and monitor outcomes. However, they cannot deploy the political will and resources of the state that are needed in the end to create transparent and accountable institutions. Serious anti-corruption campaigns cannot only be commanded from the outside but also need committed leadership from within, more specifically from the topmost levels of the state. While the initial pressure for reform can come from below, any effective program should be supported from the top. However, the downside is that any strategy that relies solely on high-level leadership will be vulnerable to the many uncertainties related to the political process. A convergence of strong players would make for a breakthrough performance against corruption. If leadership is broadly-based, this can make the difference in devising means for sustaining ends. Broadening the number of stakeholders in various sectors and support their partaking in decision-making can end policy biases while the decisions are made in all transparency, open to the scrutiny of the public. There is Hope If corruption is assumed to arise from greed and the discretionary powers of public officials, there is still fresh and enough hope for offering a vision of leadership and a strategic reform of the political and bureaucratic system; and that of the peoples mind-set concerning public office and public service. Let this be the battle cry of every Filipino. References ALRC. (2010). A consultation on corruption and counter-corruption across Asia. Article 2, 9, 1, pp. 1-80 Balboa, J. and Medalla, E.M. (2006). Anti-corruption and governance: the Philippine experience. Philippine Institute for Development Studies; Philippines APEC Study Center Network Bertelsmann Stiftung. (2009). BTI 2010 Philippines country report. Gutersloh: Bertelsmann Stiftung Gonzalez, T. et al., (2006). Anti-corruption in the Philippines: creating virtuous circles of integrity and accountability. The Development Academy of the Philippines, Centre for Governance Larmour, P. and Wolanin, N. (2001). Corruption and anti-corruption. Asia Pacific Press. Asia Pacific School of Economics and Management Australian Institute of Criminology Marcelo, S. (2006). Combating Corruption in the Philippines. ADB/OECD Anti-Corruption Initiative for Asia and the Pacific. Available:http://www.adb.org/Documents/Books/Controlling Corruption/chapter1.pdf 18 NEDA. (2004). Medium Term Philippine Development Plan (2004-2010). Manila: National Economic Development Authority Pacoy, E. P. (2008). Tracking anti-corruption initiatives: perceptions and experiences in the Philippines, JOAAG, 3, 1, p. 55 Sullivan, J.D. (2000). Anti-Corruption Initiatives from a Business View Point. Center for International Private Enterprise, US Chamber of Commerce USAID. (2005 March 17). Fighting corruption. Retrieved November 25, 2010 from www.usaid.gov/our_work/democracy_and_governance/technical_areas/anti-corruption/ Varela, A. (1996). Administrative culture and political change. College of Public Administration, University of the Philippines World Bank. (2001).Combating corruption in the Philippines: an update. Pasig City: World Bank Fighting Corruption to Improve Governance http://www.undp.org/governance/docsaccount/fighting_corruption_to_improve_governance.pdf UNDP/OECD Integrity Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries http://magnet.undp.org/Docs/efa/corruption/Corrupti.htm

The Pelican Brief Essay -- English Literature Law Court System Essays

The Pelican Brief 1Â º Summary Two Supreme Court Judges has been murdered. Darby Shaw, a law student, wrote a brief (The Pelican Brief) about the linking between the two murders and Vitor Mattience, the owner of an oil company which wants to build a factory in the Louisiana's Marshlands and also a close fiend of the United States' President. Shaw gave the brief to his teacher (and boyfriend) Thomas Callaham who gave it to a FBI lawyer friend of him. Several days after Callaham is murdered by a bomb-car. Shaw get scared because the bomb was thought to kill her too and run away from New Orleans. Meanwhile Gary Graham, a Washington Post journalist, knew about the Pelican Brief from a lawyer, who used the nickname of Garcia, and wrote an article about it. Shaw read Graham's article and called him. While Shaw travelled among all the East Coast of USA running away from killers she phoned several times to Graham. Finally they met in New York City. Both, Shaw and Graham wanted to publish the Pelican Brief but first they needed to affirm the information of the brief with another source. And this source could be Garcia so they began a search all over Washington with only a photo of him and a few details of his private life. Finally after quite a lot of time they found Garcia's widow. He were killed few weeks ago in strange circumstances. Luckily he left in a safe box an affidavit and a video which confirmed the information of the brief. While the Washington Post published the story, starting the biggest crisis in the United States since Watergate, Shaw and Graham flew to the Virgin Islands. 2Â º Description of the main character of the book: Darby Shaw. Darby Shaw is a smart law student at Tulane Uni... ...el, and this will take another three or four months." Chapter thirty. P 255 Bankruptcy: The estate of a person who had been adjudged by a court to be insolvent. "Yeah, I worked in the bankruptcy section on the eight floor, and oil and gas covers half of eight and all of nine." Chapter thirty-six. P 332 & 333. Lawsuit: court case brought by one person or group against another. "Tell Jackson Feldman the lawsuit will be filed at nine in the morning, just as soon as the courthouse opens." Chapter forty-two. P 392. Affidavit: A sworn written statement used mainly for supporting applications and as evidence in court proceedings. The person who makes it must swear that the contents are true before a person authorised to take oaths. "It was a four-page affidavit, typed real neat and sworn to under oath before a notary public". Chapter Forty. P. 367.

Lilly’s Purple Plastic Purse Essay

In the text of Lilly’s Purple Plastic Purse, Lily is in the stage of Pre-operational. According to Jean Piaget, in the pre-operational stage, children develop semiotic function which is an ability to represent an object or action with signs and symbols, such as language, imagery, drawing symbolic games and deferred imitation. At first, Lily likes her teacher Mr. Slinger very much and she wants to be a teacher in the future. When Lily goes back to home, she imitates what Mr. Slinger does in school exactly. She drew a picture of Mr. Slinger when she gets angry with him. Pre-operational children are egocentric. When Mr. Slinger stops Lily not showing her purse at class time, Lily had a hard time being considerate. She talks aloud:† Look, everyone. Look what I’ve got!† without regarding for the classmates and the teacher. At the same time, pre-operational stage children exhibit centration. This can be explained when Lily peeked at her purse in the desk during the class. More important, the development of concepts in pre-operational stage is demonstrated by Lily’s concept of whether to be a teacher or not. When Mr. Slinger treats her well, she’d like to be a teacher while she hates to be a teacher when Mr. Slinger took away her purse. The Three Bears This book demonstrates Lev Vygotsky’s zone of proximal theory of inter-subjectivity. Inter-subjectivity is a process in which two individuals who begin a task with different knowledge and perspectives come to a shared understanding as each person adjust to the perspective of the other. The three bears are a little Wee Bear, a Middle-Sized Bear and a Great Big Bear respectively. They have different size of bowls for their porridges and different size of chairs for reading, different size bed for sleeping. Once Goldilocks came to their house, those different size staffs leave different impression on her. Such as the Great Big Bear’s chair was too hard, the Middle-Sized Bear’s chair was too soft while the Little Wee Bear’s was just right. Also the three bears speak in three level sounds. All these behavior and features reflect that three bears with different knowledge and perspective have shared understanding each other and shared one house. The Sissy Ducking The stage of fidelity: Identity vs. role confusion by Erikson’s stage of psychosocial development is performed exactly in the story of The Sissy Ducking. This stage focuses on who am I and what can I be? Elmer’s peers don’t play with him. He did all the special things and was just out of his peer society. His father was depressed about him. Elmer is sissy, he is unimportant, his father even doesn’t want to regard him as his son, and Elmer is a loser in the world that he lives in. Fortunately, Elmer’s mother has confidence on her son. Truly, Elmer is brave, loyal and ingenuity. Throughout the story, we can see the process that Elmer finds the way to prove himself and find out who he is and what he can be. Ross, M. (2005). Book Review of the Sissy Duckling (2002). School Libraries In Canada (17108535), 24(4), 91-92. Reference Henkes, Kevin. Lilly’s Purple Plastic Purse (1996). Galdone, Paul. The Three Bears (1972). Cole, Henry. (2002). The Sissy Duckling( 2002).

Biography of John F. Kennedy, 35th U.S. President

Biography of John F. Kennedy, 35th U.S. President John F. Kennedy (May 29, 1917–Nov. 22, 1963), the first U.S. president born in the 20th century, was born to a wealthy, politically connected family. Elected as the 35th president in 1960, he took office on Jan. 20, 1961, but his life and legacy were cut short when he was assassinated on Nov. 22, 1963, in Dallas.  Though he served as president for less than three years, his brief term coincided with the height of the Cold War, and his tenure was marked by some of the biggest crises and challenges of the 20th century. Fast Facts: John F. Kennedy Known For: First U.S. president born in the 20th century, known for the fiasco of The Bay of Pigs early in his term, his highly praised response to the Cuban Missile Crisis, as well as his assassination on Nov. 22, 1963.Also Known As: JFKBorn: May 29, 1917 in Brookline, MassachusettsParents: Joseph P. Kennedy Sr., Rose FitzgeraldDied: Nov. 22, 1963 in Dallas,  TexasEducation: Harvard University  (BA, 1940), Stanford University Graduate School of Business (1940–1941)Published Works: Profiles in CourageAwards and Honors: Navy and Marine Corps Medal, Purple Heart, Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal, Pulitzer Prize for Biography (1957)Spouse: Jacqueline L.  Bouvier (m. Sept. 12, 1953–Nov. 22, 1963)Children: Caroline,  John F. Kennedy, Jr.Notable Quote: Those who make peaceful revolution impossible make violent revolution inevitable. Early Life Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917, in Brookline, Massachusetts. He was sickly as a child and continued to have health problems for the rest of his life. He attended private schools  including Choate and Harvard (1936–1940), where he majored in political science. An active and accomplished undergraduate, Kennedy graduated cum laude. Kennedys father was the indomitable Joseph Kennedy. Among other ventures, he was the head of the SEC and the ambassador to Great Britain. His mother was a Boston socialite named Rose  Fitzgerald. He had nine siblings including  Robert Kennedy, who he appointed as the U.S. attorney general. Robert Kennedy was assassinated in 1968. In addition, his brother Edward Kennedy was a senator from Massachusetts who served from 1962 until his death in 2009. Kennedy married Jacqueline Bouvier, a wealthy socialite and photographer, on Sept. 12, 1953. Together they had two children:  Caroline Kennedy and John F. Kennedy, Jr. Another son, Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, died on Aug. 9, 1963, two days after his birth. Military Career Kennedy was originally turned down by both the Army and Navy because of his back pain and other medical problems. He didn’t give up, and with the help of his father’s political contacts, he was accepted into the Navy in 1941. He made it through the Navy Officer Candidate School but then failed another physical. Determined not to spend his military career sitting behind a desk, he again called upon his fathers contacts. With their help, he managed to get into a new PT boat training program. After completing the program, Kennedy served in the Navy during World War II and rose to the rank of lieutenant. He was given command of PT-109. When the boat was rammed by a Japanese destroyer, he and his crew were thrown into the water. He was able to swim four hours to save himself and a fellow crewman, but he aggravated his back in the process. He received the Purple Heart and the Navy and Marine Corps Medal for his military service and was hailed for his heroism. House of Representatives Kennedy worked for a time as a journalist before running for the House of Representatives. Now considered a Navy war hero, Kennedy was elected to the House in November 1946. This class also included another former Navy man whose career arc would eventually intersect with Kennedy’s- Richard M. Nixon. Kennedy served three terms in the House- he was reelected in 1948 and 1950- where he gained a reputation as a somewhat conservative Democrat. He did show himself to be an independent thinker, not always following the party line, such as in his opposition to the Taft-Hartley Act, an anti-union bill that passed both the House and Senate overwhelmingly during the 1947-1948 session. As a freshman member of the minority party in the House and not a member of any of the committees of jurisdiction, there was little else Kennedy could do other than speak against the bill, which he did. U.S. Senate Kennedy was later elected to the U.S. Senate- defeating Henry Cabot Lodge II, who would later become the Republican U.S. vice presidential candidate on the 1960 ticket alongside Nixon- where he served from 1953 to 1961. Again, he did not always vote with the Democratic majority. Kennedy had more impact in the Senate than in the House. For example, in late spring 1953, he gave three speeches on the Senate floor outlining his New England economic plan, which he said would be good for New England and the nation as a whole. In the speeches, Kennedy called for a diversified economic base for New England and the U.S., with job training and technical assistance for the workers and relief from harmful tax provisions for the firms. In other areas, Kennedy: Distinguished himself as a national figure in the debate and vote on building the St. Lawrence Seaway;Used his position on the Senate Labor Committee to push for an increase in the minimum wage and to protect union rights in an environment where Congress was trying to strip unions of any power to bargain effectively;Joined the Foreign Relations Committee in 1957, where he supported Algerian independence from France and sponsored an amendment that would provide aid to Russian satellite nations;Introduced an amendment to the National Defense Education Act to eliminate the requirement that aid recipients sign a loyalty oath. During his time in the Senate, Kennedy also authored Profiles in Courage, which won a Pulitzer Prize for biography in 1957, although there was some question about its true authorship. Election of 1960 In 1960, Kennedy was nominated to run for the presidency against Nixon, who was by then Dwight D. Eisenhowers vice  president. During Kennedys nominating speech, he set forward his ideas of a New Frontier. Nixon made the mistake of meeting Kennedy in debates- the first televised presidential debates in U.S. history- during which Kennedy came off as young and vital. During the campaign, both candidates worked to win support from the growing suburban population. Kennedy sought to pull together key elements of Franklin D. Roosevelts coalition of the 1930s- urban minorities, ethnic voting blocs, and organized labor- win back conservative Catholics who had deserted the Democrats to vote for Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956, and hold his own in the south. Nixon emphasized the record of the Eisenhower years and promised to keep the federal government from dominating the free market economy and the lives of Americans. At the time, some sectors expressed concern that a Catholic president, which Kennedy would be, would be beholden to the Pope in Rome. Kennedy confronted the issue in a speech before the Greater-Houston Ministerial Association, in which he said: I believe in an America where the separation of church and state is absolute; where no Catholic prelate would tell the President- should he be Catholic- how to act, and no Protestant minister would tell his parishioners for whom to vote. The anti-catholic feeling remained strong among some sectors of the populace, but Kennedy won by the smallest margin of popular votes since 1888, 118,574 votes. However, he received 303 electoral votes. Events and Accomplishments Domestic policy: Kennedy had a tough time getting many of his domestic programs through Congress. However, he did get an increased minimum wage, better Social Security benefits, and an urban renewal package passed. He created the Peace Corps, and his goal to get to the moon by the end of the 1960s found overwhelming support. On the Civil Rights front, Kennedy initially did not challenge Southern Democrats. Martin Luther King, Jr. believed that only by breaking unjust laws and accepting the consequences could African-Americans show the true nature of their treatment. The press reported daily on the atrocities occurring due to nonviolent protest and civil disobedience. Kennedy used executive orders and personal appeals to aid the movement. His legislative programs, however, would not pass until after his death. Foreign affairs: Kennedys foreign policy began in failure with the Bay of Pigs debacle of 1961. A small force of Cuban exiles was to lead a revolt in Cuba but was captured instead. Americas reputation was seriously harmed. Kennedys confrontation with Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev in June 1961 led to the construction of the Berlin Wall. Further, Khrushchev began building nuclear missile bases in Cuba. Kennedy ordered a quarantine of Cuba in response. He warned that any attack from Cuba would be seen as an act of war by the USSR. This standoff led to the dismantling of the missile silos in exchange for promises that the U.S. would not invade Cuba. Kennedy also agreed to a Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963 with Great Britain and the USSR. Two other important events during his term were the Alliance for Progress (the U.S. provided aid to Latin America) and the problems in Southeast Asia. North Vietnam was sending troops through Laos to fight in South Vietnam. The Souths leader, Ngo Dinh Diem, was ineffective. America increased its military advisers from 2,000 to 16,000 during this time. Diem was overthrown but new leadership was no better. When Kennedy was killed, Vietnam was approaching a boiling point. Assassination Kennedys three years in office were somewhat turbulent, but by 1963 he was still popular and thinking about running for a second term. Kennedy and his advisers felt that Texas was a state that could provide crucial electoral votes, and they made plans for Kennedy and Jackie to visit the state, with stops planned for San Antonio, Houston, Fort Worth, Dallas, and Austin. On Nov. 22, 1963, after addressing the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce, Kennedy and the first lady boarded a plane for a brief flight to Dallas, arriving just before noon accompanied by about 30 members of the Secret Service. They were met by a 1961 Lincoln Continental convertible limousine  that would take them on a 10-mile parade route within the city of Dallas, ending at the Trade Mart, where Kennedy was scheduled to deliver a luncheon address. He never made it. Thousands lined the streets, but just before 12:30 p.m., the presidential motorcade turned right from Main Street onto Houston Street and entered Dealey Plaza. After passing the Texas School Book Depository, at the corner of Houston and Elm, shots suddenly rang out. One shot hit Kennedy’s throat, and as he reached up with both hands toward the injury, another shot struck his head, mortally wounding him. Kennedys apparent assassin,  Lee Harvey Oswald, was killed by Jack Ruby before standing trial. The Warren Commission was called to investigate Kennedys death and found that Oswald had acted alone to kill Kennedy. Many argued, however, that there was more than one gunman, a theory upheld by a 1979 House Committee investigation. The FBI and a 1982 study disagreed. Speculation continues to this day. Legacy Kennedy was important more for his iconic reputation than his legislative actions. His many inspiring speeches are often quoted. His youthful vigor and fashionable first lady was hailed as American royalty; his time in office was termed Camelot. His assassination has taken on a mythic quality, leading many to posit about possible conspiracies involving everyone from  Lyndon Johnson  to the Mafia. His moral leadership of Civil Rights was an important part of the movements eventual success. Sources â€Å"Campaign of 1960.†Ã‚  JFK Library.â€Å"Details You Didnt Know About the Death of JFKs Son, Patrick..†Ã‚  IrishCentral.com, 4 Nov. 2018.â€Å"John F. Kennedy.†Ã‚  Biography.com, AE Networks Television, 14 Jan. 2019.â€Å"John F. Kennedy.†Ã‚  The White House, The United States Government.â€Å"JFKs Assassination Aided by His Bad Back, Records Show.†Ã‚  fox8.Com, 22 Nov. 2017.â€Å"JFK in Congress.†Ã‚  National Archives and Records Administration, National Archives and Records Administration.â€Å"John F. Kennedy: Life Before the Presidency.†Ã‚  Miller Center, 22 Apr. 2018.