Premise Definition and Examples in Arguments

A premise is a  proposition upon which an argument is based or from which a conclusion is drawn. Put another way, a  premise includes the reasons and evidence behind a conclusion, says  Study.com. A premise may be  either the major or the minor proposition of a  syllogism—an argument in which two premises are made and a  logical conclusion  is drawn from them—in a deductive argument. Merriam-Webster  gives this example of a major and minor premise (and conclusion): All mammals are warmblooded [major premise]; whales are mammals [minor premise]; therefore, whales are warmblooded [conclusion]. The term premise comes from medieval Latin, meaning things mentioned before. In philosophy as well as fiction and nonfiction writing, the premise follows largely the same pattern as that defined in Merriam-Webster. The premise—the thing or things that came before—lead (or fail to lead) to a logical resolution in an argument or story. Premises in Philosophy To understand what a premise is in philosophy, it helps to understand how the field defines an argument, says  Joshua May, an associate professor of philosophy at the University of Alabama, Birmingham. In philosophy, an argument is not concerned with disputes among people; it is a set of propositions that contain premises offered to support a conclusion, he says, adding: A  premise  is a proposition one offers in support of a conclusion. That is, one offers a premise as evidence for the truth of the conclusion, as justification for or a reason to believe the conclusion. May offers this example of a major and minor premise, as well as a conclusion, that echoes the example from Merriam-Webster: All humans are mortal. [major premise]G.W. Bush is a human. [minor premise]Therefore, G.W. Bush is mortal. [conclusion] May notes that the validity of an argument in philosophy (and in general) depends on the accuracy and truth of the premise or premises. For example, May gives this example of a bad (or inaccurate) premise: All women are Republican. [major premise: false]Hilary Clinton is a woman. [minor premise: true]Therefore, Hilary Clinton is a Republican. [conclusion: false] The  Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy  says that an argument can be valid if it follows logically from its premises, but the conclusion can still be wrong if the premises are incorrect: However, if the premises are true, then the conclusion is also true, as a matter of logic.​​ In philosophy, then, the process of creating premises and carrying them through to a conclusion involves logic and deductive reasoning. Other areas provide a similar, but slightly different, take when defining and explaining premises. Premises in Writing For nonfiction writing, the term  premise  carries largely the same definition as in philosophy. Purdue OWL notes that a premise or premises are integral parts of constructing an argument. Indeed, says the language website operated by Purdue University, the very definition of an argument is that it is an assertion of a conclusion based on logical premises. Nonfiction writing uses the same terminology as in philosophy, such as  syllogism, which Purdue OWL describes as the simplest sequence of logical premises and conclusions. Nonfiction writers use a premise or premises as the backbone of a piece such as an editorial, opinion article, or even a letter to the editor of a newspaper. Premises are also useful for developing and writing an outline for a debate. Purdue gives this example: Nonrenewable resources do not exist in infinite supply. [premise 1]Coal is a nonrenewable resource. [premise 2]Coal does not exist in infinite supply. [conclusion] The only difference in nonfiction writing versus the use of premises in philosophy is that nonfiction writing generally does not distinguish between major and minor premises. Fiction writing also uses the concept of a premise but in a different way, and not one connected with making an argument. James M. Frey, as quoted on  Writers Digest, notes: The premise is the foundation of your story—that single core statement of what happens to the characters as a result of the actions of a story.† The writing website gives the example of the story The Three Little Pigs, noting that the premise is: â€Å"Foolishness leads to death, and wisdom leads to happiness.† The well-known story does not seek to create an argument, as is the case in philosophy and nonfiction writing. Instead, the story itself is the argument, showing how and why the premise is accurate, says Writers Digest: If you can establish what your premise is at the beginning of your project, you will have an easier time writing your story. Thats because the fundamental concept you create in advance will drive the actions of your characters. Its the characters—and to some degree the plot—that prove or disprove the premise of the story. Other Examples The use of premises is not limited to philosophy and writing. The concept can also be useful in science, such as in the study of genetics or biology versus environment, which is also known as the nature-versus-nurture debate.  In Logic and Philosophy: A Modern Introduction, Alan Hausman, Howard Kahane, and Paul Tidman give this example: Identical twins often have different IQ test scores. Yet such twins inherit the same genes. So environment must play some part in determining IQ. In this case, the argument consists of three statements: Identical twins often have different IQ  scores. [premise]Identical twins inherit the same genes. [premise]The environment must play some part in  determining  IQ. [conclusion] The use of the premise even reaches into religion and theological arguments.  Michigan State University  (MSU) gives this example: God exists, for the world is an organized system and all organized systems must have a creator. The creator of the world is God. The statements provide  reasons why God exists, says MSU. The argument of the statements can be organized into premises and a conclusion. Premise 1: The world is an organized system.Premise 2: Every organized system must have a creator.Conclusion: The creator of the world is God. Consider the Conclusion You can use the concept of the premise in countless areas, so long as each premise is true and relevant to the topic. The key to laying out a premise or premises (in essence, constructing an argument) is to remember that premises are assertions that, when joined together, will lead the reader or listener to a given conclusion, says the  San Jose State University Writing Center, adding: The most important part of any premise is that your audience will accept it as true. If your audience rejects even one of your premises, they will likely also reject your conclusion, and your entire argument will fall apart.​ Consider the following assertion: â€Å"Because greenhouse gases are causing the atmosphere to warm at a rapid rate...† The San Jose State writing lab notes that whether this is a solid premise depends on your audience: If your readers are members of an environmental group, they will accept this premise without qualms. If your readers are oil company executives, they may reject this premise and your conclusions. When developing one or more premises, consider  the rationales and beliefs not just of your audience  but also of your opponents, says San Jose State. After all, your whole point in making an argument is not just to preach to a like-minded audience but to convince others of the correctness of your point of view. Determine what givens† you accept that your opponents do not, as well as where two sides of an argument can find common ground. That point is where you will find effective premises to reach your conclusion, the writing lab notes. Source Hausman, Alan. Logic and Philosophy: A Modern Introduction. Howard Kahane, Paul Tidman, 12th Edition, Cengage Learning, January 1, 2012.

An Experiment On Social Media - 851 Words

If someone signed up for an experiment to just spend 500 dollars for an entire day they would never regret it, right? Typically most people would be up to the idea and the sign up sheets would fill up quick, even though there is a slight catch. The participant cannot be in contact with anyone they know, which includes using social media. In hindsight, signing up for this experiment seemed like the perfect opportunity to be alone and spend money on things like a movie ticket and popcorn, cute clothes, and maybe even starbucks; however, I was sadly very wrong. The experiment started on February 14th and I was excited to roam around Phoenix and spend money for the sake of psychological science. When the researchers of different genders came to pick me up from my house I noticed that they had unique name tags, instead of saying their names the name tags said â€Å"researcher one† and â€Å"researcher two†. â€Å"Mrs. Nyx?† said researcher two as the female researcher detached her pen from her clipboard and clicked the black ball point pen. â€Å"Yes,† I replied while I stepped out of my house and lock the front door behind me. Both of the researchers nodded and turned to walk towards their car while I followed behind. The male researcher climbed into the front seat while researcher one sat next to me so she can debrief me for the experiment. â€Å"During this experiment you are aware that you can’t be in contact with anyone that you know including family and friends,† asked researcher two asShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Cognitive Ability On Social Media Use1450 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough print media, through email, and by phone, the entire process being randomized. 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Strategic Management And Business Policy - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Strategic Management And Business Policy? Answer: Introduction The purpose of this task is to provide a brief overview of the success story of the company Carsales; the organization took a major step to initiate their business online. CEO Greg Roebuck took a major decision of innovating the business and using different strategies in the field of internet. Further, the company analyzed the marketing and then implemented strategies for the success by risking their business. The risk successfully helped the company to grow in the target market. The below mentioned answers talk about the activities of business which helped them to survive. Strategic Management Approach of Carsales Strategic management refers to the process of implementing and formulating activities in the management in such a way that competence is achieved by the organization. The strategic management approach in an organization helps them to consider the external and internal environments and implement goals in such a way that the organization earns a competitive advantage. Further talking about the case study, it shall be noted that Carsales is a company which was founded with a small motive to provide the car ads in a more classified manner. The organization strategically evaluated all the factors affecting the growth of the company and which can help them to sustain in the market. With this process, they created a goal for the organization that competes with the largest competitor present in the industry and list 3000 cars in the website of the company (Robbins, et. al., 2016). Further, in order to satisfy the goal, the management analyzed the market feature which can help them or act as a barrier to their growth. Internet was not accessible by all at that time, and the company majorly focused on developing the business online. This analysis helped the company to gain information about the competitors prevailing in the market and the internal and external factor which can help in the sustainability of the business. Afterwards, CEO Greg initiated strategy formulation under which they formed the strategies to review the information gleaned from the crux of the analysis (Carsales 2018). This step of the company helped them to determine the resources and strategies which they shall use to reach the defined goal of the organization. So, under strategy formulation, the initial strategy which the company decided was to innovate the business practices of the company by implementing technological process under them. The strategic formulation of the company reflected three aspects which they wanted to include in their business process that is, development and improvement of quantity, quality and consistency of information in the classified. So, in order to change the ways of posting ads on newspaper, the company formulated strategies (Hill, Jones, and Schilling 2014). While considering all the above mentioned aspects, the company created strategies which were implemented successfully. CEO Greg analyzed the business opportunities and efficiently worked on them to create identification in the market. The management then created unique selling points in their business which helped to consistently make use of all the available resources and change the phase of classified ads in the market. These attributes of the company were successfully utilized by to promote success for the business. The first USP of the company was their business model; the model of the company motivated them to carry on their business activities on the internet. Until that time, very few people used the services of internet so the company targeted the particular section of the market that was using the internet. Further, they promoted their activities and added an attractive feature in the classification of ads like flat fee till the purchase of car by the customer which helped t hem to grow rapidly (Goetsch, and Davis 2014). Other USP of the company that is using specialized technology to create high-quality ads helped them to create distinctiveness in the market. As no company present in the market was using the internet to post ads due to which the company gained the first mover advantage in the market and succeed as well. The third USP of the company which was to use innovation so as to continuously provide customer a better experience while working with them helped Carsales to fulfill the goals as well. Also, the third USP helped the company in long-term planning and sustainability of the business (Ginter, Duncan, and Swayne 2018). Development and sustainability of competitive advantage gained by Carsales Competitive advantage refers to the process of gaining an advantage over the competitors in present in the market. An organization can create competitive advantage by providing satisfying products and services to the customer present in the market. Further, it shall be noted that it is easy for an organization to gain competitive advantage in the market it is more important for them to maintain sustainability in the competitive advantage gained by the company. Sustainable competitive advantage helps an organization to create own way in the market maintain a fixed position as well. Further competitive advantage can be gained by focusing on three aspects that are, cost leadership, focus, differentiation and differentiation (Wheelen, and Hunger 2017). Cost leadership refers to the ability of a business to introduce their product in the market with low cost or the cost less than what the competitors are offering. Low cost will increase the level of profit for the company and will also increase the level of satisfaction for the customers as well. Further differential strategy refers to the process of differentiating the products and services offered by the company in the market. This aspect attracts the customers towards the high quality, innovative and attractive products and services in the market. Lastly, the focus strategy refers aims to initiate their focus on a particular segment of the market not everyone (Grefrath, Wagner, and Stermann 2017.). This strategy is applied when the company or customer do not enough resources to target the whole market so they target a particular segment. The company Carsales used the differential focus strategy to gain the competitive advantage in the target market. With the differential strategy the company implied differential qualities in the services which they serve in the market and with the focus strategy, they only targeted the people who use the internet in their lifestyle. The company earned value in the market by adequately providing quality services to the customers present in the market. The company used innovative technology to attract the customers in their market due to which people started using internet using their website as well. Apart from that, the company also gained the first mover advantage in the market (Schaltegger, Burritt, and Petersen 2017). Nowadays many organization try to replicate the business process which was used by Carsales in the market, but the company can still maintain their identified position in the market. Carsales can maintain their image in market by expanding their business and regularly providing quality services to the customers. The company is diversifying their business into new channels, markets, and geographic regions. Expansions will the help to gain fixed position in the market, as Carsales hold goodwill so they will not face difficulty in diversifying their business (West, Ford, and Ibrahim 2015). Also, the management continuously focuses on new opportunities present in the market and monitors them so as to improve their current position. Further the organization also repeatedly aims to create a benchmark against their competitions which will easily show the customers the value of both companies in the market. Thus in this way, the Carsales continuously tries to use new technology and serve the ir customers in a better way to gain sustainable competitive advantage (Moriarty, et. al., 2014). Reason for success of Carsales The fact shall be noted that no operations can gain success in the market just because of the sources present in the internal market or external prevailing factors. Both factors together help the company gain competitive advantage. Like, if the company aims to use the internet to promote the services and the customers present in the external market do not use the internet then even if the company would try to provide the best of their services; still, they won't be able to make sales. Thus, it is said that both the factors together create success for the company in the market (Grant 2016). Similarly, in the case of Carsales, the company earned competitive advantage with the use of both available sources in the market. Internal sources helped the company in such a way that it helped them to implement and formulate strategies according to their goals and objectives. Also, the employees (human resource) supported the CEO in implementing their goal into success. The employees provided quality services along with internet services due to which the customer got attracted in the market. Further talking about external services it shall be noted that the company gained the first mover advantage in the market. Apart from that segment of customers using internet helped them to increase their sales and initiate success in the target market (Lewandowski 2016). Thus, in this way both the services together initiated sustainability of the company in the market. Further external factors like, internet and interest of customers on the internet helped them to raise the interest of target customers and promotes sales; due to which subsequently the company earned profit in the market (Grant and Grant 2016). Helpful SWOT Analysis in the grow of Carsales SWOT analysis of Carsales is discussed below: Strength: The major strength of the company was differentiation in the services provided by them. As till that time no company was providing car sales ads on the internet, due to which the company gained the first mover advantage as well. Further technology and innovation acted as strength for the company to reach the target customers. Weakness: Weakness of the company is increasing competition in the market. The threat of new entrants in the market can affect the current position of Carsales in the market (Aguirre, et al., 2015). Opportunities: The Company has the opportunity to grow their business in the international market. As Carsales has now earned a reputed position in the domestic so the company gains the opportunity to target the customers in international market increase sales as well. Introduction of new products can also help Carsales to grow rapidly. The company can promote other vehicles also apart from the car, like boat, motorbikes etc. This will increase the target market for the company and the customers as well. Threat: The biggest threat to the company is the threat of replication of their business. Now days emerging business can replicate their business model and increase their sales in the market. Further rapidly growing technology can also act threat for the company. It can make the activities of the company inefficient (Hsu and Pann 2017). The SWOT analysis helps an organization to understand both internal and external factor affecting the growth of the company in the global market. So, the SWOT analysis of Carsales will help Greg to look after the strengths of the company and apply them properly in the management to attain growth. Further, the threat and weakness will help Greg to evaluate the ways in which he can save the company from these risks. SWOT in an internal as well as external analysis, so it will tell the company about the internal factor which can adequately use and areas where they need to focus. And it also tells about the external aspect which can act as an opportunity for the company to sustain their competitive advantage in the market. The threats will help the company to analyze the growing competition in the market. Thus, in this way, SWOT analysis will become helpful for the company to grow in the market (Sadhasivam, and Priya 2015). Conclusion Thus in the limelight of above mentioned events, the fact that shall be noted is that the Carsales has successfully made use of all the available resources and capabilities to increase its success in the external environment. The aforementioned task talks about the success of the company and its reason and strategic implementation which they used to gain success. It also explains the SWOT analysis which the CEO can use to promote their product in the market. References Aguirre, E., Mahr, D., Grewal, D., de Ruyter, K. and Wetzels, M., 2015. Unraveling the personalization paradox: The effect of information collection and trust-building strategies on online advertisement effectiveness.Journal of Retailing,91(1), pp.34-49. Carsales., 2018. Our Company. Viewed on January 23, 2018 from https://www.carsales.com.au/carsales-info/about-carsales Ginter, P.M., Duncan, J. and Swayne, L.E., 2018.The Strategic Management of Healthcare Organizations . John Wiley Sons. Goetsch, D.L. and Davis, S.B., 2014. Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Grant, R.M., 2016 Grant, R.M., 2016. How smart, connected products are transforming companies.Harvard Business Review,93(10), pp.96-114. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Grefrath, C., Wagner, D. and Stermann, S., 2017. Products and Services in a Sustainable World. InValue Networks in Manufacturing(pp. 65-72). Springer International Publishing. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hsu, J.L. and Pann, J.H., 2017. Subsequent Reaction to Online Advertisement Disturbance.International Journal of Business Administration and Management Research,3(3), pp.1-6. Lewandowski, M., 2016. Designing the business models for circular economyTowards the conceptual framework.Sustainability,8(1), p.43. Moriarty, S., Mitchell, N.D., Wells, W.D., Crawford, R., Brennan, L. and Spence-Stone, R., 2014.Advertising: Principles and practice. Pearson Australia. Robbins, S P., DeCenzo, D., Coulter, M Woods, W., 2016. Management: The Essentials, 3rd edn, Melbourne, Pearson, Viewed on January 29, 2018 from https://revel.pearson.com Sadhasivam, P. and Priya, A.N., 2015. A Literature Review on the Impact of Television Advertising Vs. Online Advertisement among Consumers.International Journal,3(10). Schaltegger, S., Burritt, R. and Petersen, H., 2017.An introduction to corporate environmental management: Striving for sustainability. Routledge. West, D.C., Ford, J. and Ibrahim, E., 2015.Strategic marketing: creating competitive advantage. 3rd edn, (pp. 28-218). US, Oxford University Press. Wheelen, T.L. and Hunger, J.D., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson.

Collaborative Critical Appraisal of Vulnerable Populations in Disaster

Question: Describe about collaborative critical appraisal of vulnerable populations in disasters. Answer: Vulnerable populations refer to a wide range of individuals such as the homeless, the ethnic and racial minorities, the low-income children who are uninsured, chronically ill individuals, the economically disadvantaged and the elderly. These populations are highly vulnerable in their day-to-day lives and more so, when they are faced with emergencies or particular disasters. Dadaab, Kenya is the largest refugee camp in the world. More than 400,000 people fled from their countries in times of disaster, to settle there. The place is hot, sandy and windy and it stays for long before receiving rains. Among the residents of the camp, are 13,000 elderly people. This article critically appraises the vulnerability of the elderly (people above 50 years old) by assessing their immediate nutritional needs. In order to assess these nutritional needs, the article identifies nutritional status indicators that would be used, provides a description of how the vulnerability would be investigated, how the elderly would be involved and the particular challenges that would be faced in the process. Several guiding principles have been created to help the older people to deal with situations of emergencies and/or disasters. The International Plan of Action on Ageing was endorsed by the United Nations General Assembly in 1982. The action plan was created to act as a guide for the thinking as well as for formulating programmes and policies for the aged. Nine years later after the plan was endorsed, the UN principles for Older Persons was adopted (Hokenstad and Restorick Roberts, A 2013). These principles addressed the issues of dignity, care, participation, self-fulfillment and independence. The Madrid International Plan of Action on Ageing (MIPAA) was the first global agreement to recognize older population as contributors to societal development. The plan committed governments to include ageing in all policies on economic and social development as well as programmes that reduce poverty. It also urged governments to ensure that old people are included in programmes and policies to achieve Millennium Development Goals of reducing people who were living in extreme poverty. According to Sidorenko and Walker (2004), 159 countries were in agreement with this action plan, but the problem is that it was not binding legally because its implementation is voluntary. In the Madrid plan, the core issues that can improve the lives of old people, which were recommended were as follows. On decision making and discrimination issues, governments were obliged to implement and promote human rights conventions as well as any other human rights instruments; on the issue of pensions and work, it was recommended that older people be allowed to work for as long as they would like; on health issue, governments agreed to ensure that old people gained access to curative and preventive care and rehabilitation like all other groups; and finally on the supportive environment issue, governments promised to ensure that old people had access to housing that is decent and that they would be free from violence, abuse and neglect (Sidorenko, Mikhailova and Anisimov, 2007). Even though the International plan and the UN Principles provide an action framework, more nutritional approaches and principles are required. HelpAge International (HAI), an international non-governmental organization which helps the elderly to claim their rights, recommended several principles to be used. The principles are specific to nutrition and food interventions in times when there are disasters and they assist in reinforcing the plan of action on ageing of 1982. They are six principles in total. First, older people are supposed to easily access the adequate general ration which is appropriate in terms of quality and quantity and that which is culturally acceptable and easily digestible. Second, the physiological changes which are related to ageing as well as consequences for special needs and nutrition should be reflected in the design of the programmes. Thirdly the elderly should be involved during the assessments, designs and programme implementation. Fourth, the chronic nature of the old peoples needs should be represented in the programme design. Fifth, the support structures that exist within the community should be strengthened and rebuilt as the most essential strategies for nutrition and food assistance programmes for the aged. Lastly, it is important the malnourished old persons be provided equal access to the selective feeding programmes for purposes of nutritional rehabilitation (HelpAge International, 2013). Identification of Nutritional Status Indicators According to Cdc.gov (2016), Nutritional status indicators which are used with CDC growth Charts include short stature, underweight, overweight and obesity. In addition, a group or an individual is ranked on growth chart using percentiles so that they can be referenced where they fit within the population. Anthropometric evaluation would be an important for the geriatric nutritional evaluation of the old people in this population to determine their condition. Anthropometric evaluation would help to find out the individuals who are malnutritioned, underweights, obese, overweight, those who have lost muscular mass, the redistribution of adipose tissue and individuals who have gained fat mass (Snchez-Garca et al., 2007). Anthropometric indicators would be essential in the evaluating the prognosis of acute and chronic conditions in this vulnerable population and aid in coming up with the right intervention. Nutritional status and anthropometric measurements would be evaluated as they relate to gender and age of the healthy elderly individuals. These nutritional status indicators that would be used are closely related to the environment characteristics, genetic makeup, health, lifestyle. Cultural conditions and the functional status of the individuals. Snchez-Garca et al. (2007) points out that anthropometric evaluations that are conducted by trained health professionals are non-invasive, inexpensive and they provide detailed information of body structure components, especially the fat and muscular components and they also assist to assess old peoples nutritional status. The process of ageing involves nutritional and physiological changes which are manifested by the loss of weight and height, loss of muscular mass and the increase of fat mass. The measures used would held indicate the nutritional status as they differ in both women and men. The anthropometric measurements that would be taken for nutritional status indicators will include weight, height, body mass circumferences, knee-heel length, body-mass index (BMI) and Waist to hip ratio (WHR). After the collection of these measures, the data would be validated and stored in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software (Xiaoxin et al., 2014). This would make it easier to analyze data and assess the nutritional needs of this vulnerable population. How Vulnerability would be investigated Old people are nutritionally vulnerable in emergency situations. For instance, in this case study, Abdullahi, aged 70 years, flees from Somalia for insecurity reasons. He is a lucky individual who reached Dadaab Refugee camp in Kenya after travelling for fifteen days (Fritsh, 2011). Abdullahi is nutritionally vulnerable because he is issued with food for three weeks before he gets registered as a refugee. The process is expected to be complete in two months. Meanwhile, Abdullahi might be surviving from borrowing small rations from the other refugees within the camp. According to Runkle, Brock-Martin, Karmaus and Svendsen, (2012), vulnerability does not only happen in the camps, it also happens in other emergency situations. The causes of malnutrition in different situations results from food insecurities within households; inadequate care (social care and health care); and lack of healthcare services and household environments that are inadequate. In Dadaab camp, I would assess vulne rability of the elderly by relating it to either inadequate care or unhealthy environments. The common vulnerabilities that magnify the malnutrition of the elderly include their lack of understanding, disability levels, difficulties to access services and absence of family support. These make older people to be the most vulnerable group in the community. In old age, the quantity and quality of food matter in order to meet the nutrient needs (HelpAge International, 2013). The nutrient density of food should be increased so as to compensate the low energy intakes that exist in the elderly. Just like the other groups within the population, older people require balanced diet. As human body ages, muscle and fat composition changes according to the modifications caused by hormonal activities. Fat stores increase as muscles are lost progressively. This affects an individuals ability to maintain balance as they make movements. The individuals are likely to fall often and their abilities to fight or flee when there is danger are limited. When psychosocial stress, disability or illness leads to loss of appetite in the elderly, there are high chances that they would face nutritional risks which would be worsened further by emergency cases or disasters. Such situations might lead the individuals to have inadequate energy when their bodies require it. How the Old People would be involved in the Assessment In order to conduct the exercise of assessing the nutritional needs as well as vulnerability of the old people in Dadaab camp, I will have to involve them so that the assessment is efficient. The immediate nutrient needs of these individuals vary depending on the different factors that affect the individuals differently. For instance, old people often have different health complications that affect their food consumption. In this refugee camp, some elderly people might be suffering from gum disease or loss of teeth which makes it difficult for them to chew and swallow food. These will be limited to certain types of foods. Others will have physical problems and loss of senses, problems that interfere with the individuals ability to access food or sunlight which is essential for vitamin D. It is also common for individuals to be separated from their immediate family members during disasters if they were suffering from reduced eyesight or mobility. This leads to their inability to successfully find foods or cook. Social isolation occurs to individuals who have lost vision or hearing senses. Such individuals eat alone and this causes poor appetites. Such individuals are undernourished since they dont get the necessary diets (HelpAge International, 2013). In this case study it is necessary to work with the older people during the assessment in order to identify the problems that each one of them faces. This would ensure that every old person is heard and considered in any design that would later be planned. As the assessor, the best way to ensure that I engage every individual would be to move around the camp collecting the information so that even the bedridden ones and those with less mobility can be reached in their tents. Studies indicate that Dadaab Camp is located in a place where the weather is often hot. Though old people are vulnerable to dehydration, the situation may be worsened by the hot weather in the area or outbreaks such as cholera and diarrhea. While assessing the immediate nutritional needs in this area, it is important to determine how accessible safe water is. Such information would best be achieved only if the residents of the camp are engaged. The immune system of human body declines with age. Nutrient deficiencies also compromise immunity levels. When malnutrition combines with age, the older population becomes highly vulnerable to diseases that are infectious. The level of infections would help in assessing the immediate nutritional needs of elderly people in the Camp. Expected Challenges during the Assessment Like in other different cases, the common challenge I would face would be informing communities that there are laws, rules and policies which protect the rights of old people and that they need to be implemented. It is the sovereign obligation of states to protect the vulnerable populations according to the UN resolutions, different intergovernmental organizations and the international law. The international human rights law (IHRL) prohibits any kind of discrimination including discrimination on age basis (Olson, 2009). The law asserts that every individual has fundamental rights and states must protect them at all times even during emergencies. The international humanitarian law (IHL) protects all people during armed conflicts so long as they dont take part in those hostilities. The 1949 Geneva Conventions as well as other 1977 Protocols enshrine this right (Geneva Conventions, 2006). IHL does not represent certain individual groups; however, it considers certain vulnerabilities that are experienced by particular categories in the populations that are conflict-affected (Lanz, Max and Hoehne, 2014). Fourth Geneva Convention has two provisions that request for the attention and protection of groups such as the older individuals: The 14th article, first paragraph mentions aged persons among the the sick, children below fifteen years, mothers with children of less than seven, expectant mothers and the wounded, as the groups that should be specially protected. The seventeenth article of the convention also seeks to protect the infirm, sick, wounded, maternity cases, children and the aged people from conflicting parties (Geneva Conventions, 2006). Even though these conventions offer protection, it would be challenging for them to be implemented. In relation to this case study, where refugees free from their countries and settle in Dadaab, Kenya, the old people are still offered protection by certain rules, laws and policies. It will be challenging to convince the local communities that the refugees have a right to be there and must be protected. The 1951 convention that relates to Refugees status along with different regional and international treaties offer protection to populations that seek security and safety in other territories or countries. The protection also applies to individuals who have been internally displaced according to the international human rights laws. The 1998 Internal Displacement Guiding Principles protect the internally displaced individuals (Ache and Majinge, 2010). The Kampala convention came into being on December 2012. Some of these conventions are not legally binding and this provides challenges in terms of implementation (UNHCR, 2016). The governments in the affected regions are sometimes ignor ant arguing that more of their resources would be wasted. Some of the other important principles for the aged that are lightly considered and easily ignored include: The UN Principles for Older Persons that insist on the care, independence, dignity, self-fulfillment and participation of older persons; the MIPAA that was endorsed in 2002 by the UN General assembly; and the Humanitarian Charter Sphere as well as Minimum Standards of the Humanitarian Response that established assistance and protection as the main pillars in Humanitarian action (Sidorenko, 2004). The vulnerable individuals including the older people in the population are protected in a large manner internationally, regionally and locally. The main challenge remains implementation of the created rules, laws, policies and principles. This remains to be a problem for all aid agencies. In conclusion, when disasters strike, the elderly find it difficult to access food. For instance, when Abdullahi flees from his country, it becomes difficult for him to register for food immediately. For others, it becomes challenging for them to access food distribution points and even transport the food from one point to another. These challenges undermine equal access to nutritional needs. Sometimes it is difficult for them elderly to consume food that has been provided because of the various reasons such as difficulties in cooking or chewing. Like in every population with old people, Dadaab faces these challenges and the vulnerability of the elderly exacerbates due to other additional factors (Fritsh, 2011). Immediate nutritional needs of the elderly can best be assessed by taking every facto into consideration and ensuring that the elderly are involved in the assessment. References Ache, C. and Majinge, C. (2010). 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