Organization Culture Development and Success of the Organization Essay

Organization Culture Development and Success of the Organization - Essay Example The intention of this study is organization culture as a USP or â€Å"Unique Selling Point† of a firm that differentiates itself from its counterparts. Organizational culture means the way human resource in an organization acts and performs its duties. The culture in an organization is usually developed by top leadership which is translated to the production workers or managers at the lower level of the hierarchy. Any organization that fails to develop a unique culture fails to communicate its value to its customers and hence loses its vividness in the eyes of its customers. In the 21st, the concept is more important than ever before because of the intensive competition by firm. Not only the firms in the same country are fighting for a same job, but outsourcing has included the foreign firms also in the fight for a job that comes to the market. In the midst of so heavy competition, it has become increasingly important for firms to â€Å"Break through the clutter†. No fi rm can break through the clutter or become vivid unless it has something other than that the conventional competition is offering. Many firms, as a result, have increased their focus on organizational culture. Many are trying to develop a culture that will help them gain an edge over their competition. Organizational Culture, apart from helping an organization in all of these, also help helps an organization in developing the ideal characteristics of its workforce overtime without having to incur the heavy training expense that also entails loss of productivity and may lead to boredom and job turnover. It is also suggest by organizational behavior experts to develop a long term strategy based on an organizational culture in order to achieve firm’s targets and goals. The long term strategy can be supplemented by incorporating several training regimes that are used to make sure that the organizational culture has been properly engraved into the conscience of the workers and eve ryone in the organization is following the same culture that is yielding synergy and resulting in achievement in difficult tasks and goals which are not possible unless everyone in the organization is following the same culture. (Jin, Drozdenko, & Bassett, 2007) Organizational Culture leads to more efficiency in the organization. In fact, organizational culture improves the efficiency because it gives the sense of direction to employees and tells them how they are supposed to act in a variety of situation. This reduces their response time and helps them focus on the customer satisfaction more that leads to very satisfactory results. This increases organization wide efficiency of the human resource and all the staff in the organization allocates more time to core competencies. This also increases job satisfaction which leads to customer satisfaction and towards profitability of the organization. (Denison & Mishra, 1995) Organizational Culture also affects the knowledge management pra ctices of an organization. Knowledge management is extremely important for an organization as concluded by Toyota Motor Company, UNIX, Microsoft and Mercedes-Benz. One cannot imagine an organization to achieve success if it does not pay any heed to the technology development and knowledge management flows within the organization. It is extremely difficult to assume the success of the organization without the technology factor playing its part. Hence, indirectly organizational culture plays an important role in the development of an organization and its technology management and knowledge management practices which are now considered vital for the success of the organization. So much so that even the large organizations are making their old staff who seemed incompatible to technology are training them to make them work on the technology of the new era. Of course all of this is not possible without organizational cu

Marketing and New Product Essay Example for Free

Marketing and New Product Essay Scenario 1: Clean Edge Razor: Splitting Hairs in Product Positioning description After three years of development, Paramount Health and Beauty Company is preparing to launch a new technologically advanced vibrating razor called Clean Edge. The innovative new design of Clean Edge provides superior performance by stimulating the hair follicles to lift the hair from the skin, allowing for a closer shave. The company has already decided to introduce Clean Edge into the mens market where it has a strong presence. Jackson Randall, the product manager for Clean Edge, struggles with how best to position the product for the launch. One strategy is to release Clean Edge as a niche product, targeting the high-end market of fastidious groomers looking for superior skin care products. Another strategy is to release the product into the highly competitive mainstream razor market where the product can be positioned as the most effective razor available. Randall meets internal resistance to the mainstream strategy from the product manager for the companys current, but aging, mainstream razor products and he must consider the effects of cannibalization in his plan. Randall must recommend an optimal strategy and provide supporting economic analysis of his decisionnot just for Clean Edge, but for its effect on the entire company. Learning objective: Explore issues associated with strategic product positioning. Review new product development process and understand the importance of evaluating product-company and product-market fit in assessing new product opportunities. Understand the importance and marketing implications of determining whether a new product is a big breakthrough or a simple line extension. Subjects covered: Marketing strategy; New product marketing; Product positioning; Profitability analysis; Quantitative analysis Setting: * Geographic: United States * Event Year Begin: 2010 Scenario 2: Culinarian Cookware: Pondering Price Promotion description Subjects Covered: Price Promotion, Pricing Policy, Consumer Marketing, Profitability Analysis, Retailing, Sales Promotion, Distribution Policy, Brand Equity, Trade Relations, and Product Management. In November of 2006, senior executives at Culinarian Cookware were debating the merits of price promotions for the companys premium cookware products. The VP of Marketing, Donald Janus, and Senior Sales Manager, Victoria Brown, had different views. Janus felt price promotions were unnecessary, potentially damaging to the brand image, and possibly encouraged retailer hoarding; Brown believed the promotions strengthened trade support, improved brand awareness, and stimulated sales from both new and existing customers. The issue was complicated by a consultants study of the firms 2004 price promotions which concluded that these promotions had a negative impact on profits. Janus trusted the results, but Brown, believing the study assumptions were flawed and required further analysis, suspected the promotions had actually produced positive results. The pressing decision is whether to run a price promotion in 2007 and, if so, to determine what merchandise to promote and on what terms. The broader issue is what strategy Culinarian should pursue to achieve sales growth goals, and what role, if any, price promotion should play. Subjects Covered: Price Promotion, Pricing Policy, Consumer Marketing, Profitability Analysis, Retailing, Sales Promotion, Distribution Policy, Brand Equity, Trade Relations, Cookware Learning objective: 1. Explore the risks and opportunities of price promotion as a strategic and tactical marketing tool. 2. Through quantitative analysis, evaluate the financial impact of a price promotion using different cost and sales assumptions. 3. Develop the details of a price promotion policy consistent with overall marketing objectives. Subjects covered: Brand equity; Consumer marketing; Pricing policies; Profitability analysis; Sales promotions; Small medium-sized enterprises Setting: * Geographic: United States * Event Year Begin: 2006 Scenario 3: Metabical: Positioning and Communications Strategy for a New Weight Loss Drug (Brief Case) description Topics include Consumer Behavior, Marketing Communications, New Product Launch, Product Positioning, and Push/Pull Marketing. This case can be used separately or in conjunction with Brief Case #4183, Metabical: Pricing, Packaging, and Demand Forecasting for a New Weight Loss Drug. Cambridge Sciences Pharmaceuticals (CSP) expects final approval for its revolutionary weight loss drug, Metabical. Metabical will be the only weight loss drug with FDA approval that is also clinically proven to be effective for moderately overweight people. Barbara Printup, Senior Marketing Director for CSP, must develop the positioning strategy and marketing communications plan in preparation for the launch of the new drug. Printup must consider the consumer decision-making process and the interaction between the consumer who purchases the drug and the health care provider who prescribes the medication. Despite promising medical studies and consumer research, poor positioning of the drug in the highly competitive market for weight-loss solutions could spell disaster. Students analyze market research data and consider the optimal positioning strategy and marketing communications program. Learning objective: Understanding the hierarchy-of-effects, the decision-making unit, the decision-making process, and push vs. pull communications. Identifying strategies for segmenting, targeting, and positioning new products. Understanding the critical elements of a marketing communications program. Subjects covered: Consumer behavior; Marketing communications; Product introduction Setting: * Geographic: United States * Industry: Pharmaceuticals * Event Year Begin: 2008 Scenario 4: Reed Supermarkets: A New Wave of Competitors description Reed Supermarkets is a high-end supermarket chain with operations in several Midwestern states. Meredith Collins, vice president of marketing, visits stores located in Columbus, Ohio, an important region with the largest market and the greatest impact on revenue growth. She is concerned about increased competition from dollar stores and limited-assortment stores offering very low, appealing price points. Reeds market research shows that as a result of the economic downturn, customer loyalty is dwindling and consumers are willing to go to multiple stores to get the best deals. Collins must decide whether to change the current marketing and positioning plan in an effort to increase market share to meet challenging corporate targets. Her options include retreating from price competition and focusing on quality or embracing more private-label brands and competing more aggressively on price. She can also maintain the current positioning and appeal to customers looking for a quality shoppi ng experience. The case contains an implicit quantitative assignment that instructors can emphasize to the degree they choose. Learning objective: Explore elements of marketing strategy, market segmentation, product differentiation, and product positioning for a retail organization. Analyze and differentiate among conflicting strategic perspectives. Understand the cycle of retailing, which suggests that new retail stores naturally evolve from low-price, low-overhead stores to become upscale retailers offering additional services and product lines. Subjects covered: Competitive strategy; Consumer marketing; Market positioning; Market segmentation; Marketing strategy Setting: * Geographic: United States * Industry: Supermarkets * Event Year Begin: 2011 Scenario 5: TruEarth Healthy Foods: Market Research for a New Product Introduction (Brief Case) description Topics covered include: consumer marketing, market research, new product introduction, and quantitative analysis. TruEarth Healthy Foods, a maker of gourmet pastas, sauces, and meals, wants to build on its successful introduction of fresh whole grain pasta by introducing a similar product concept for pizza. In an increasingly competitive market, TruEarth is focused on beating its competition and wants to act quickly and decisively. The company conducts extensive market research, first using focus groups to test the concept and then following up with take-home trials. Acting as brand managers, students must complete a quantitative analysis of the available data to project the sales volume for pizza and then decide whether to bring the new product to market. Learning objective: 1. Understand the assumptions and techniques for estimating markets and projecting sales 2. Analyze and interpret data to decide whether to bring a new product to market 3. Recognize the importance of perceived value to consumers for a new product as compared with existing products 4. Understand the limitations of making decisions based on research and available data

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Introduction Jacques Nasser was born in Lebanon in 1949, but grew up in Australia. He joined Ford's Australian operation as a financial analyst before he was barely 20, eager to see the world. In 1973, he came to the United States to join Ford's North American Truck Operations and the company's finance staff. Nasser jumped at the opportunity to travel around the world by accepting International assignments, which others avoided to places like Thailand, The Philippines, Venezuela and Argentina. He moved back to the United States after being promoted to the key position of President of Ford Automotive Operations and finally in 1999, he became Ford's CEO. Jacques Nasser has been portrayed as a man that possesses good and Impeccable leadership qualities. Before Nasser came on board of Ford's Motor Co., Ford had been a company that efficiently made cars, and in recent years at least, earned solid profits. Nasser has plans to take Ford to the forefront of the Motor industry and transform it into a nimble, flexible organization and better attuned to the International automobile Industry he sees emerging. From the very time Nasser joined Ford, he had displayed hardworking abilities, being from a modest and often intolerant surroundings as a Lebanese born immigrant in Anglo-dominated Australia. Jacques Nasser in his quest to make ford a front-runner in the motor Industry exhibited several signs of leadership, which has made the company progress. Jacques, in addition to having a profile that includes speaking fluent English, Arabic, Spanish and Portuguese (which are all qualities that a person involved in global operations of a business should possess), also speaks the most important language that any auto executive can understand: the language of a passion for cars that is respected by both consumers and enthusiasts alike, as reported in the Detroit News. As President and Chief executive officer of Ford Motor Company, Nasser has all of the credentials that point to a natural rise to top level management of a global automaker while continuing to embrace the equities that helped him to his ascension. As a true car lover, Jacques usually drives Ford's cars and other competitor's cars to know their various mechanisms, how they run and any other way it could be improved. Other executives are known to be usually driven around by personal chauffeurs, while Nasser derives joy from driving himself to wherever he is going with his sport cars. In the Management textbook by Griffin, hundreds of studies have been

“I’m a fool” by Sherwood Anderson Essay

Everyone has morals. The usual ones are: Don’t lie, cheat, or steal. The swipe in â€Å"I’m a fool† by Sherwood Anderson does not seem to possess these morals throughout the story, although he does seem to feel remorseful at the end of the story. He lies, cheats, and steals, though not in a way most consider normal. In â€Å"I’m a fool† the swipe lies. He lies about who he is, where he is from, and what he does. He tells Miss Elinor Woodbury, Mr. Wilbur Wessen, and Miss Lucy Wessen that he was â€Å"Walter Mathers for Marietta, Ohio,† and that his â€Å"father owned the horse About Ben Ahem,† and that his father â€Å"had let him out to this Bob French for racing purposes, because our family was proud and had never gone into racing that way, in our own way, I mean, and Miss Lucy Wessen’s eyes were shining.† He then went on to tell her about his â€Å"place† down in Marietta, and â€Å"about the big stables and the grand big house,† He had on the hill above the Ohio River. He justifies this by saying that he knew enough not to brag and to make it seem like they were pulling it out of him instead of him telling them. He cheats by using his lie that he is Walter Mathers, son of the owner of About Ben Ahem. He tells them that About Ben Ahem â€Å"would lose the first heat by pacing like a lame cow and then he would come back and skin ’em alive after that,† like he had seen it happen before. The swipe backs this up by having Mr. Wilbur Wessen place thirty dollars of his (the swipe’s) money on About Ben Ahem for the best odds that he could get after the first heat. The swipe is a thief because he stills another mans identity. â€Å"There ain’t any Walter Mathers, like I said to her and them, and there hasn’t ever been one, but if there was, I bet I’d go down to Marietta, Ohio, and shoot him tomorrow.† This constitutes a murderous attitude just to cover for himself. At the end of the story the swipe doesn’t tell Miss Lucy, Mr. Wilbur, or Miss Woodbury that he isn’t who he says he is, he doesn’t come clean with how he knew About Ben Ahem would win, or where he is from, even after Miss Lucy says that she would write to him because â€Å"She whispered and said it was like she and I could get out of the boat and walk on water.† So even though the  swipe is remorseful at the end of the story and says â€Å"I’ll quit working an be a bum and give him my job. I don’t care nothing for working, and earning money, and saving it for no such fool as myself,† he is still a liar, a cheat, and a thief.

American Industrialization from Civil War to WWI Essay

Between the Civil War and the end of World War I, industrialization played an ever increasing role in the economic, social, and political development of the United States. Industrialization had a huge impact on American in all of these ways, such as many Americans moving from the rural areas to urban areas, living the big city lifestyle with Industrialization on the rise. Social Darwinism also known as Survival of the fittest took an impact during this time period, the nation was facing great changes causing many people to begin new lifestyles. People began working in factories and big buildings instead of on farms. Labor unions also were formed to protect the workers from unfair wages, long days, unsafe conditions, etc. Although there were positive effects during this time there were also negative effects on the social, political, and economic, aspects of the United States. First I will go over how industrialization affected America economically. Industrialization was at a rise during this time many â€Å"Big Shot† industrialists became quite wealthy from this, although most industrialists used ruthless business tactics to accumulate their wealth. Andrew Carnegie believed in the moral duty of the rich giving back to the community so he spent much of his wealth paying for libraries, universities, trust funds, and Carnegie Hall to be built also creating more jobs (Shown in Document 8). Another Economic effect on the United States was the American entry into WWI. The army for the United States wasn’t as prepared for the modern campaigning military action like other European nations. America’s productive strength made up for that by boosting billions of dollars and our industrial potential caused its share of world manufacturing output to be 2 and a half times that of Germanys. Our entry transformed the balances and compensated for the collapse of Russia at the time (Shown in Document 9) this being a positive of American industrialization. Next I will discuss the social impact industrialization on the United States. Due to such the high demand for employees and work at the time working conditions weren’t always so great. Clara Lemlich a labor union strike leader sparked the 1909 walkout of shirtwaist makers. The strike occurred because workers were making about $6 a week on a good week, are constantly at their machines from 7am to 8pm daily with only one 30 minute lunch break. This strike gathered the public’s atten tion fueling the creation of labor unions and labor laws (Shown in document 6A). Due to poor  working conditions, unsafe and unhealthy work environments, and children working started the creation of labor laws. One of the first of these was the Laws of the state of Illinois and their passage of the 38th general assembly. Some of these laws were if upon inspection such workshops shall be found unhealthy/infectious orders will be given and actions taken as the public health shall require. Another law passed was children under 14 are prohibited from being employed; also no female shall be employed in any factory or workshop for more than 8 hours a day or 48 hours a week (Shown in document 4). Industrialization from the Civil War to World War I affected the social aspect of the U.S. by drastic changes, changes the American people were not used to this is where Social Darwinism comes into play. Next I will cover the political changes industrialization caused during this time period. The â€Å"Captains† of Industrialization during this time were arrogant, such as Mr. Rockefeller they believed they were above the Government and politicians. This created Bad Trusts that reduced competition and drove up prices. Theodore Roosevelt the president at the time became a trust buster, by creating the Sherman’s Antitrust Act in 1890 this declaring all combinations of in restraint trade now illegal (Shown in document 7B). Another example of the political impact was the Boss tweed and Tammany Hall scandal. Tammany hall was a political organization formed in 1786, and played a major role in controlling New York City and New York State politics. Boss Tweed was an American politician and the â€Å"boss† of Tammany Hall. Boss tweeds control over the political patronage in NYC through Tammany Hall as well as the tension between political leaders an industrialization â€Å"kings† lead to Boss tweed having and unfair add vantage over other candidates, ensuring loyalty of voters through job offerings. The outcome of this later resulted in Tweed’s conviction for stealing an estimated $25-$45 million dollars from NYC tax payers due to political corruption. In conclusion the era between the Civil War and World War I’s industrialization played an ever increasing role in the economic, social, and political aspect of the United States in both negative and positive aspects. Economic changes ranged from where the people mainly lived and types of jobs to how they changed. As well as labor unions and labor laws changing working conditions, to the American entry into WWI. Social changes ranged from the era of reform, the women’s rights movement  and the 19th amendment and their right to vote, as well as women causing rallies and strikes. Lastly the political changes ranged from Theodore’s Roosevelt’s â€Å"Trust Busting† to political greed and corruption.

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Free Online Research Papers Sudden Infant Death Syndrome is the death of a child usually between the ages of 1 month to 1 year, and appears to be healthy when laid down to go to sleep and later the child is found dead. Why are our babies dieing from this most deadly and unexplained death? What causes this? How can a mother guard their child from the risks of SIDS? In a book written by David Stokes titled Misc.Kids/SIDS states that the most frequently asked questions about SIDS are† WHY†? â€Å"What did I do wrong to cause this†? It is always thought of that if I would do something different this maybe wouldn’t have happen. SIDS is not your fault. Mothers think that if they would of breastfeed or formula feed their baby this wouldn’t have occurred. SIDS today is just as unexplained as it was better than a hundred years ago and before then too but no-one actually had a name for it. (Stokes 2003) In earlier days and even today it is still called crib death or cot death, they are both known today as sudden infant death syndrome or SIDS. (Stokes 2003) The research shows that there is no known causes of SIDS but however, there are risk factors that add to the other factors of the child’s life. Infants actually stop breathing while they sleep: Sleep apnea in infants or adults can be resuscitated. (Brooke 1999) Infants are admitted to the hospital and are put on apnea monitors, but this doesn’t prevent the unpreventable. SIDS today is just as unexplained as it was better than fifty years ago. No one knows what happens, or why it happens. Early 1900’s they called it crib death and still do today. (Bacon 1994) There are no signs. The infant can be in seemingly good health, smiling, cooing, to the point of just starting to reach for things. The infant is put to bed to sleep and the next thing you know the infant is blue and not breathing. Complete respiratory failure right into cardiac arrest, and nothing can be done to save the baby. (Nager 2005) There appears to be no suffering in most cases the death occurs without any signs or symptoms and happens very quickly, usually during sleep. (Nager 2005) The American Association of Pediatrics recommend that infants should be placed on their backs. It’s rare for a death of an infant from an aspiration of vomit to occur. (Claudius 2005) It is much more likely to die from SIDS, but not all the physicians are convinced of that. Babies have died sleeping on their sides or the back, only few exceptions of the infant on its back other than SIDS was that of reflux of the infant or a certain type of upper airway malformation such as Robin Syndrome. (Claudius 2005) According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development the incidence of SIDS is greatest in children younger than 6 months and increases in the colder months. (Howard 2005) and more boys than girls. Some of the potential risk factors of SIDS are as follows: Smoking, drinking, or drug use during pregnancy Poor prenatal care Prematurity or low birth weight Mothers younger than 20 Smoke exposure following birth Stomach sleeping Unsanitary conditions of house and or infants sleep environment Smoking mother that Co-sleeps with her newborn The answer to crib death, â€Å"Sudden Infant Death Syndrome† had nearly disappeared in Japan in 1975 when the first inoculations were not given to any child unless they have reached at least 24 months. (Hattersley1993) Some feebleminded people think that SIDS is caused by immunizations. Even though according to officials at the Health Dept., the baby’s first shots are given between the ages of 2 – 5 months. This is the peak time for SIDS. SIDS victims are still dieing each day with or without the immunizations, and no one know has a clue as to why or what may cause SIDS. SIDS claims the lives of approximately 3000 infants in the United States each year. Today more children die of SIDS in one year than all the children who die of cancer, heart disease, pneumonia, child abuse, AIDS, cystic fibrosis and muscular dystrophy combined. (Maindonald 2005) According to the findings from researchers of infant mortalities, a Dr. Kalokerinos in New South Wales, Australia 1967 reduced the infant deaths by nearly 50 %. (Hattersley 1993) In his research it was determined the great deal of the infant deaths was because of the deficiency in vitamins more precisely ascorbate, a liver metabolite mislabeled Vitamin C. (Hattersley 1993) When this medication was given to the pregnant mothers the mortality rates for the infants dropped dramatically. (Hattersley 1993) Other research states that there is an abnormality in the infant’s brainstem and this may cause the baby to be susceptible to challenges in their sleep environment, and size of the brain was studied as the conclusion of the tests states that out of 125 infant brains that were studied with SIDS, only 23 had an enlarged brain along with other enlarged organs such as the liver, lungs and heart. They were a little enlarged but this could be because of the lack of oxygen. (Gornall 2005) SIDS occurs in the second babies, but not all or multiple births, or if there has been SIDS in the family’s medical history. There are no signs or symptoms and SIDS is irreversible, the only thing that we can do is to watch for the risk factors. SIDS doesn’t happen to the poor, stupid or parents. It happens to parents of all economic, social, educational and racial groups. (Maindonald 2005) Some cultures do not report SIDS deaths or have no way to classify as to what did really happen. SIDS is not caused by suffocation, vomiting or chocking. SIDS is not contagious or is it hereditary and cannot be passed from generation to generation. (Maindonald 2005) Because everything about it is so mysterious about SIDS, the parents are treated as criminals. The house is taped off; articles are taken to be tested. This includes bottles, formula, pacifiers, all bedding and blankets. Once an Autopsy has been given, and determined that there was no four play through investigating the death scene is SIDS determined as the cause of death. SIDS is not the result of an untreated illness, and accident or any abuse. (Brooke 1999) SIDS is no one’s fault. If parents constantly are worrying about the possibility of SIDS and constant checking on the baby will not safeguard the baby from SIDS, It will only serve to exhaust the parents. The few months are to serve as time spent by enjoying this new little wonder in the world to love and watch grow and develop.(Gibbs2003) Just recognize the facts that when it comes to SIDS it’s no ones fault and you are not alone. A poem by David Stokes â€Å"When you lose a parent, you lose your past. When you lose a spouse, you lose your present. When you lose a child, you lose your future†. Bacon, Christopher â€Å"Repeat sudden unexpected infant deaths† Lancet, Vol.365, issue 8465: March 26, 2005, p1137 2/3p. Brooke, Hazel â€Å"Sudden Infant Death Syndrome† The American SIDS Institute Monthly Newsletter, 1999, July 1999. Claudius, Ilene A.Dr., Nager, Alan L. Dr. â€Å"The Utility of Safety counseling in a Pediatric Emergency Department.† Pediatrics, Vol.115, issue 4: April 2005, pe423-e427. Gornall, Jonathan Dr., â€Å"Where the real blame lies for the scandal of infants deaths† Times, The United Kingdom, March 30, 2005. Hattersley, Joseph G., â€Å"The Answer to Crib Death†, Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, SID, Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, Vol.8, Number 4, 1993, pp.229-245. Howard, Melanie â€Å"Are you stressed about SIDS†? Baby talk  © Time Inc. 2005 1-4. Maindonald, Clyse â€Å"Helping parents reduce the risk of SIDS Nursing Vol.35, issue 7: July 2005, p50-52,3p. Stokes, David, Gibbs, Margaret â€Å"Frequently asked questions about Sudden Infant Death Syndrome† misc.kids† SIDS Alliance Monthly Newsletter October 31, 2003 Research Papers on Sudden Infant Death SyndromePersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayCapital PunishmentArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)The Fifth HorsemanInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Mountain Lion Facts (Puma concolor)

Mountain Lion Facts (Puma concolor) The mountain lion (Puma concolor) is the second largest cat in the Americas after the jaguar. While its a big animal, the mountain lion is actually the largest small cat. Its more closely related to the domestic cat than to the lion or tiger. Puma concolor holds the Guinness World Record for the animal with the most common names. It is known as the mountain lion, cougar, puma, catamount, and about 40 other names in English. In keeping with its Linnaean name, scientists call the cat a puma. Fast Facts: Mountain Lion Scientific Name: Puma concolorCommon Names: Mountain lion, puma, cougar, pantherBasic Animal Group: Mammal Size: 4.9-9.0 feetWeight: 121-150 poundsLifespan: 8-10 yearsDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: The AmericasPopulation: 50,000Conservation Status: Least Concern Description The mountain lion is the fourth largest cat in the world after the tiger, lion, and jaguar. The cats coat is tawny on top and lighter on the belly, leading the name mountain lion. Males and females look similar, but males tend to be larger. Males average around 7.9 feet from nose to tail tip, while females average 6.7 feet in length. In general, adults range from 4.9 to 9.0 feet long. Males weigh 117 to 220 pounds (average 150 pounds), while females weigh between 64 and 141 pounds (average 121 pounds). Although mountain lions are large, they are not considered to be big cats because they cannot roar. However, they can produce a distinctive scream known as caterwauling. Habitat and Distribution The mountain lion has the largest range of any terrestrial American animal. It is adapted to diverse habitats from the Yukon in Canada down to the southern Andes in South America. In North America, mountain lions have been extirpated in the eastern half of the continent, with the exception of the Florida panther. Diet and Behavior Like other cats, the mountain lion is an obligate carnivore. While deer are its most important food source, the mountain lion will kill and eat anything it can catch, ranging from insects all they way up in size to moose. The mountain lion is an ambush predator that stalks its prey and pounces. It uses its bite to break its victims neck or else suffocate it. Following a successful hunt, the mountain lion drags its prey to a cache and hides it with brush. It returns to the cache to feed over the course of several days. Like most cats, mountain lions are crepuscular and tend to hunt before dawn and after dusk. Reproduction and Offspring Mountain lions are solitary except during mating and, for females, when caring for cubs. Although females are in estrus for 8 days of a 23-day cycle, they usually have only one litter every two or three years. After mating, the pair separates. Gestation last 91 days. The female seeks a cave or other protected space to give birth and rear her young. She most often gives birth to two cubs, although a litter may range from one to six cubs. The kittens are born blind and have spotted coats. When the cats eyes first open, they are blue. Cubs are weaned around three months of age and remain with their mother at least two years. Juveniles lose their spots around two and a half years of age. On average, one in five kittens survives to adulthood. Females become sexually mature between one and a half to three years of age. Males must establish their own territory before they can mate. In the wild, the average life expectancy of a mountain lion is 8 to 10 years. The cats may live much longer in captivity. Here, the average lifespan is about 20 years, but one cat died just short of its 30th birthday. Mountain lion kittens are spotted and have blue eyes. Jeff Wendorff / Getty Images Hybrids The mountain lion and a leopard can mate to produce a hybrid called a pumapard. Pumapards exhibit dwarfism and grow to about half the size of their parents. The hybrids have bodies of pumas, but with unusually short legs. The coat pattern is more similar to that of the leopard. The base color is tawny or gray with either brown or faded rosettes. Conservation Status The IUCN categorizes the mountain lions conservation status as least concern. The IUCN estimates fewer than 50,000 cats remain in the breeding population and the number continues to decline. Threats Mountain lions face multiple threats to their survival. Human encroachment has led to habitat loss, habitat degradation, and diminished prey availability. Breeding populations are becoming increasingly isolated and at risk of inbreeding depression. While the cat is protected in part of its range, hunting remains common in many countries, including the United States and Canada. Mountain lions are also susceptible to feline immunodeficiency virus, which may be spread by domestic cats. Mountain Lions and Humans Mountain lions rarely attack humans because people are not recognized as prey, but the number of attacks has been increasing. As of 2004, 88 attacks and 20 deaths had been recorded in North America since 1890. Most attacks occur when humans encroach on a cats territory or when the feline is starving. Children are much more likely to be attacked than adults. If threatened by a mountain lion, the best defense is to fight back. Running away, standing still, or playing dead are all ineffective strategies. Mountain lions are occasionally kept as pets, although there are cases of the cats attacking their handlers. A pet puma named Messi has a large following on YouTube. Healthy mountain lions usually do not view people as prey. DOUGBERRY / Getty Images Sources Beier, Paul. Cougar attacks on humans in the United States and Canada. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 19: 403–412, 1991.Nielsen, C.; Thompson, D.; Kelly, M.; Lopez-Gonzalez, C. A. Puma concolor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2015 (errata version published in 2016): e.T18868A97216466. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T18868A50663436.enSubramanian, Sushma. Should You Run or Freeze When You See a Mountain Lion?. Scientific American, April 14, 2009.Sweanor, Linda L.; Logan, Kenneth A.; Hornocker, Maurice G. Puma responses to close approaches by researchers. Wildlife Society Bulletin. 33 (3): 905–913, 2005. doi:10.2193/0091-7648(2005)33[905:PRTCAB]2.0.CO;2Â  Wozencraft, W.C. Order Carnivora. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 544–45, 2005. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0.

Marine Arthropod Facts and Examples

Marine Arthropod Facts and Examples Arthropods are animals in the Phylum Arthropoda, a very diverse group of organisms that includes insects, crabs, lobsters, scorpions, and centipedes. Characteristics of Arthropods: All arthropods have: Jointed legs, making them quick-moving organismsA segmented bodyA hard exoskeleton made of a strong polysaccharide called chitin. This hard shell helps protect the animal and retains moisture. Classification: Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Arthropoda Habitat and Distribution: Arthropods are found in habitats all over the world - dry land, fresh water, and salt water. In the ocean, they can live from coastal habitats like sandy beaches and intertidal areas all the way to the deep sea. Reproduction: Most arthropods reproduce sexually, through internal fertilization. In many arthropods, such as crabs, you can see eggs attached to the abdomen. Marine Examples of Arthropods: Examples of marine arthropods: LobstersCrabs (e.g., green crab, spider crab, hermit crab)Horseshoe crabsSea spidersBarnaclesCopepodIsopodsAmphipodsSkeleton shrimp

Rene Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rene Descartes - Essay Example "I think, hence I am, [this is] so certain and of such evidence that no ground of doubt, however extravagant, could be alleged by the skeptics capable of shaking it, [therefore] I concluded that I might, without scruple, accept it as the first principle of the philosophy of which I was in search." (Descartes, 1989, p30) This is fair enough from a depth psychological perspective. Although psychic energy (particularly archetypal energy) is more usually regarded as Jungian Depth Psychology's starting point due to psychic energy being primordial and universal. It is the view of Jungians that it took millenia's of human psychological evolution to produce humans like Descartes who are capable of such great attentitive, focused, reflective thought. Nevertheless, for Descartes, he was primarily focused on this own individual self, and for that reason his starting point is accepted here. "Thus what I thought I had seen with my eyes, I actually grasped solely with the faculty of judgment, which is in my mind." (Descartes) We can be certain of psychic reality. We can be largely certain of much physical reality but what Descartes is saying here, is that outer objects may not be seen as they really are. We have no way of knowing. We cannot get beyond human limitations. Where Jungian Depth Psychology parts from Descartes is in limiting his thinking to one type directed consciousness thinking. But before coming to that we can briefly state what is positive in this Cartesian method. It has already been noted that it took millenia's of evolution to reach the stage where one could reflect, think, be attentive and focused in the way that Descartes was. Because for Descartes, the true way of living was to 'think'. A thinking thing must think in order to be healthy. For... Rene Descartes was a major philosopher of the seventeenth century, belonging to the school of continental rationalism. Descartes sets out in his Discourse on Method to doubt all that could be doubted, albeit not to end up believing in nothing, but rather so that he would believe in only that which really was true. We can be certain of psychic reality. We can be largely certain of much physical reality but what Descartes is saying here, is that outer objects may not be seen as they really are. We have no way of knowing. We cannot get beyond human limitations. Where Jungian Depth Psychology parts from Descartes is in limiting his thinking to one type†¦ directed consciousness thinking. But before coming to that we can briefly state what is positive in this Cartesian method. It has already been noted that it took millennia's of evolution to reach the stage where one could reflect, think, be attentive and focused in the way that Descartes was. Because for Descartes, the true way of l iving was to ‘think’. A thinking thing must think in order to be healthy. For Descartes, this thinking must be free from passion and prejudice if it is to be healthy†¦ and if it is to â€Å"operate with perfect rational clarity and thereby attain certain knowledge†. Descartes (as good as) perfects ‘directed thinking’ appropriate to his ‘pre-Freud’ and ‘pre Jung’ time and place.

Marketing Strategy of Toyota Energy-Saving Vehicle in UK Market Essay

Marketing Strategy of Toyota Energy-Saving Vehicle in UK Market - Essay Example The researcher states that alternative energy news gives a range of definitions of energy-saving vehicles indicating that an energy saving vehicle has one or more of the following qualities. A stop-start engine, with is a standard internal combustion engine which turns itself off when the car comes to a stop. A hybrid vehicle which combines a standard internal combustion engine with battery-powered technology, allowing the car to select the most efficient source of power through an onboard computer. Finally, there are cars which run entirely from an electrical source based upon current battery technologies. At present Toyota produces and markets two models of energy saving vehicle in the UK each of which has a slightly different marketing mix. The Prius is Toyota’s original hybrid model and is aimed at the mid-upper end of the market for family cars. The car is marketed as a product which is environmentally friendly and gives the consumer long-term cost savings with low MPG co nsumption rate. The car is currently marketed in four specifications ranging in price from  £21,000 to  £27,000. While the performance figures for the car in terms of fuel consumption are a significant selling feature of the model and see the cost of running far lower than many other vehicles on the market. Critics indicate that there are also other energy saving vehicles on the market which far higher levels of performance when it comes to the issue of cost savings. With the Toyota Prius now entering its fourth generation, one may consider that the product is entering the maturity stage of the product lifecycle. Consumers no longer see the Toyota Prius as a radical innovation but a practical way of enjoying low-cost motoring from the perspective of running costs. Toyota Auris represents the second model of energy saving vehicle to be introduced to the UK market by Toyota. Like its predecessor, the Toyota Prius the car makes use of hybrid engine technology to deliver a vehicle w ith low running costs and other financial benefits such as low tax duties. However, the marketing mix and target audience for the Auris model is slightly different to that of the Prius.

David Contracts Written Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

David Contracts Written Project - Essay Example Offer There must be an offer in any form if a contract. A contract includes an offer by indication of an offerer who is the person or party that makes the initial offer to enter a contract, and an offeree. The offeree is the person or the party to whom accepts the offer under certain terms. A contract can only come into existence when the offeror presents his or her offer to the offeree under certain conditions and terms and the offeree accepts it willingly without supplementary negotiations. An offer is an affidavit or a proclamation of the terms on which the offeror is amenably obligated to in the agreement (Gillies 85). It is the current intention to be in obligation in an agreement with certain and definite terms presented to the offeree. Expression of willingness to a contract can take different forms such as email, fax, letter and even conduct provided it presents the basis by which the offer is ready to contract. The court of law determines whether parties have a valid offer o r an agreement by using a test called the objective test. The contractual intention to be obligated in a contract is judged objectively and evenhandedly in the courts of law (Gillies 89). Courts emphasizes that the most important thing is how a reasonable individual would view the situation in a contract and not a party’s or individuals real intentions in a contract that matters. The conditions and requirements of an offer should have the following: terms of payment that includes detailed information of the item on offer and date of payment, price and delivery date. Without any of the above-mentioned conditions being fulfilled in an offer, the offer on sale is not an offer but rather an advertisement. An offere can decide to revoke an offer before acceptance by the offeree. Nevertheless, the offere must inform the offeree of the planned revocation. However the offere may not revoke an offer if has been sheathed in an option. In a unilateral contract, the offere may revoke the offer at any given time. Meeting of the Minds. Meeting of the mind an element in a contract, is sometimes called consensus ad idem, mutual assent or mutual agreement. Meeting of the minds in contract law refers to the intentions of the persons on parties in a contract. It refers to the situation where the parties forming a contract have a common understanding in the particular contract. The reasoning behind the mutual assent is that no person or party is held to an agreement that they are not aware exists. Legal remedies may not come into action where a particular obligation in an agreement is mainly a moral one and not a legal obligation. There can only be a meeting of minds when all parties forming a contract are well aware of the legal obligations. The destruction of mutual assent can occur in the event of fraud, misrepresentation, duress, mutual mistake or undue influence.   Consideration Consideration refers to the legal value pertaining to contracts. Consideration refers to the things of value a party expects from the other in future pledged while forming a contract (Yelpaala 78). The consideration takes the form of services, money, physical objects, abstinence from future actions, physical objects to mention just but a few (Yelpaala 78). A payment is not a consideration if by pre-existing

Chemistry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chemistry - Lab Report Example These values also imply that the reaction is pseudo first order reaction. (iv) A plot of rate of reaction (J) vs. concentration of AsO33- i.e.[A] was made (figure 2, below). A linear trendline was drawn using MS excel. Slope of this plot gives the rate constant. The value of the rate constant is 5.3x10-3s. d) From data given in table (2) a plot of lnkR' vs. 1/T was made (figure 3, below). Slope of this curve equals -E/R, where E is activation energy of the reaction and R is the Universal gas constant, which equals 8.38 Jmol-1K-1. Therefore, -E/R = 8122.6 K Or, E = 8122.6*8.38 Jmol-1= 68067.4 Jmol-168.7 k Jmol-1 Q3. a) The mechanism in this case is SN1 i.e. Nucleophilic Substitution of First Order. In this mechanism the carbonium ion forms first, to which the nucleofile OH- gets attached in no time. Because formation of carbocation is the slow or rate controlling step therefore this is a first order reaction. Therefore, rate of this reaction is proportional to concentration of hexan-3-ol. Because, carbocation is planer therefore, the nucleofile (OH-) has equal probability of attaching to it from both sides (above as well as below) of the plane. Thus, a mixture of both the optical isomers (R-isomer and S-isomer) forms in equal proportions. The mechanism is shown below: b) (i) In this case S-isomer will form. (ii) The mechanism in this case is SN2 i.e. Nucleophilic Substitution of Second Order. In this case both molecules R-3-bromohexane and NaOH are involved in the reaction mechanism. The nucleofile OH- attacks the positively polarized carbon atom from the other side of the leaving group i.e. from other side of the C-Br bond, because of steric hindrance. This backside attack by the nucleofile...1/T was made (figure 3, below). Slope of this curve equals -E/R, where E is activation energy of the reaction and R is the Universal gas constant, which equals 8.38 Jmol-1K-1. Q3. a) The mechanism in this case is SN1 i.e. Nucleophilic Substitution of First Order. In this mechanism the carbonium ion forms first, to which the nucleofile OH- gets attached in no time. Because formation of carbocation is the slow or rate controlling step therefore this is a first order reaction. Therefore, rate of this reaction is proportional to concentration of hexan-3-ol. Because, carbocation is planer therefore, the nucleofile (OH-) has equal probability of attaching to it from both sides (above as well as below) of the plane. Thus, a mixture of both the optical isomers (R-isomer and S-isomer) forms in equal proportions. The mechanism is shown below: (ii) The mechanism in this case is SN2 i.e. Nucleophilic Substitution of Second Order. In this case both molecules R-3-bromohexane and NaOH are involved in the reaction mechanism. The nucleofile OH- attacks the positively polarized carbon atom from the other side of the leaving group i.e. from other side of the C-Br bond, because of steric hindrance. This backside attack by the nucleofile leads to inversion of the stereo configuration of the molecule. The reaction mechanism is shown below: c) This is because, in the beginning, when the reaction is being carried out in pure water, the

Client Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Client Letter - Essay Example However, on the flip side, there is an advantage that de loan payment is tax deductible and that means that the corporation ends up savings on its tax burden as the progressing payment are made. Given above considerations, the issue is which of the two, debt financing and equity capital in relation to the new corporation; it is advisable to use equity for capital formation. This choice would reduce the risks for the corporation given that it is a new venture. Since the corporation is venturing in a new territory, it is advisable to consider the high risk involved as well as the tax obligations. In this respect, equity capital formation is advised because the corporation will not be in the hook in case of failure. It also offers a flexible payment regime for the corporation .On the same note; the choice would have a positive attribute to the new venture if it is able to acquire investors. That would boost the chances of future prospects for the

Chemistry Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Chemistry - Lab Report Example These values also imply that the reaction is pseudo first order reaction. (iv) A plot of rate of reaction (J) vs. concentration of AsO33- i.e.[A] was made (figure 2, below). A linear trendline was drawn using MS excel. Slope of this plot gives the rate constant. The value of the rate constant is 5.3x10-3s. d) From data given in table (2) a plot of lnkR' vs. 1/T was made (figure 3, below). Slope of this curve equals -E/R, where E is activation energy of the reaction and R is the Universal gas constant, which equals 8.38 Jmol-1K-1. Therefore, -E/R = 8122.6 K Or, E = 8122.6*8.38 Jmol-1= 68067.4 Jmol-168.7 k Jmol-1 Q3. a) The mechanism in this case is SN1 i.e. Nucleophilic Substitution of First Order. In this mechanism the carbonium ion forms first, to which the nucleofile OH- gets attached in no time. Because formation of carbocation is the slow or rate controlling step therefore this is a first order reaction. Therefore, rate of this reaction is proportional to concentration of hexan-3-ol. Because, carbocation is planer therefore, the nucleofile (OH-) has equal probability of attaching to it from both sides (above as well as below) of the plane. Thus, a mixture of both the optical isomers (R-isomer and S-isomer) forms in equal proportions. The mechanism is shown below: b) (i) In this case S-isomer will form. (ii) The mechanism in this case is SN2 i.e. Nucleophilic Substitution of Second Order. In this case both molecules R-3-bromohexane and NaOH are involved in the reaction mechanism. The nucleofile OH- attacks the positively polarized carbon atom from the other side of the leaving group i.e. from other side of the C-Br bond, because of steric hindrance. This backside attack by the nucleofile...1/T was made (figure 3, below). Slope of this curve equals -E/R, where E is activation energy of the reaction and R is the Universal gas constant, which equals 8.38 Jmol-1K-1. Q3. a) The mechanism in this case is SN1 i.e. Nucleophilic Substitution of First Order. In this mechanism the carbonium ion forms first, to which the nucleofile OH- gets attached in no time. Because formation of carbocation is the slow or rate controlling step therefore this is a first order reaction. Therefore, rate of this reaction is proportional to concentration of hexan-3-ol. Because, carbocation is planer therefore, the nucleofile (OH-) has equal probability of attaching to it from both sides (above as well as below) of the plane. Thus, a mixture of both the optical isomers (R-isomer and S-isomer) forms in equal proportions. The mechanism is shown below: (ii) The mechanism in this case is SN2 i.e. Nucleophilic Substitution of Second Order. In this case both molecules R-3-bromohexane and NaOH are involved in the reaction mechanism. The nucleofile OH- attacks the positively polarized carbon atom from the other side of the leaving group i.e. from other side of the C-Br bond, because of steric hindrance. This backside attack by the nucleofile leads to inversion of the stereo configuration of the molecule. The reaction mechanism is shown below: c) This is because, in the beginning, when the reaction is being carried out in pure water, the

Child abuse problem within my community and propose a solution Research Paper

Child abuse problem within my community and propose a solution - Research Paper Example However, any type of abuse to a child tends to scar the child for life. In this study an attempt is being made at analyzing the problem of Child abuse and trying to find the right strategies and interventions that could be used to minimize the pain and trauma that a child goes through when such a catastrophe happens. Body – Literature review Child abuse is an ugly scar on society, that has a very negative impact on the community and society at large and hence there is a dire need to address this problem by putting an end to the physical, emotional and psychological scourge faced by such vulnerable children. There are many common factors that contribute towards child abuse. Some of these factors include physical abuse, sexual assault, neglect, high levels of stress, abusive childhood, depression and anxiety. Such abuse towards children leaves a lasting impression on them and impacts upon their own lives as they grow into adults. Such abused adults are a threat to their own fami lies and society because they continue to exhibit the same pattern of behavior right through their lives. According to (Cindy, 312) individuals who once get into the habit of abusing do not hesitate from extending this practice towards other members of the family thus further strengthening this trend in the society. (Cindy, 312) Child abuse has proved to have very long term effects on the society, children who are subjected to this blight tend to maintain the same attitude on their future generations especially their own kids. This way a cycle is developed which takes conscious and intended efforts to break in the years to come. (Mary, 250) Some of the reasons for its prevalence involve having being abused during their childhood, insecurity, frustration, revenge, health problems, ego- identity and poor self image which makes them fall an easy prey to Child abuse. Larry J. Siegel et al., (2010) sheds light on the different aspects of Juvenile Delinquency in his in-depth analysis and cutting edge seminal research work titled ‘Theory, Practice and Law.’ In addition to the controversial issues discussed, the authors examine the important initiatives and intervention programs to help children who are delinquents. Problematic issues such as drugs, gangs, delinquency and capital punishment for juveniles are also important aspects of his study. According to (Larry, et al., 2010) adolescent dilemma comprising of conflict, stress, ego identities and problems within the family, school and community serves as a potent ground because they make children vulnerable to Child abuse. Uncertainty of the future due to poor experiences in life makes them disillusioned, depressed and frustrated making them easy prey for child abusers. Statistical figures have exhibited an alarming rise as far as child abuse is concerned. In Greenville South Carolina; 1019 cases of child abuse were reported in the year 2005 which speaks volumes of the negative effects it might have infl icted on the community. (Larry, 64) (Rachel, 220) believes that children who are abused are driven to extreme attitudes; either they become too indifferent towards love or too aggressive which results in bullying other children and in the former case, end up being terrorized themselves. The pioneering work of (Ruth & Kempe, 2001) presents a statistical view of abused children in the United States. According to them about 2% to 6% of children have been injured through physical assault and neglect by

Demographic Transition Models Essay Example for Free

Demographic Transition Models Essay The Demographic Transition is a model that describes population change over time. As with all models, the demographic transition model has its applications and limitations. Applications The model describes population change over time and can be applied to many countries (based on the change in crude birth rate (CBR) and crude death rate (CDR) over time) Can be used for comparison and also prediction from stages 1 to 4 Outline the population characteristics of societies at various stages of the development Population structures can be related to the model The model is often applied to lesser developed countries to allay concerns regarding overpopulation, without proof that the underlying dynamics will allow these countries to trace similar evolution paths as the European and other Western countries. Limitations Birth rates in several MEDCs have fallen below death rates (Germany, Sweden). This has caused, for the first time, a population decline which suggests that perhaps the model should have a fifth stage added to it. However the model does not go beyond Stage 4. The model assumes that in time all countries pass through the same four stages. It now seems unlikely, however, that many LEDCs, especially in Africa, will become industrialized External influences are not considered. The model assumes that the fall in the death rate in Stage 2 was the consequence of industrialisation.  Initially, the death rate in many British cities rose, due to the unsanitary conditions which resulted from rapid urban growth, and it only began to fall after advances were made in medicine. The delayed fall in the death rate in many developing countries has been due mainly to their inability to afford medical facilities. In many countries, the fall in the birth rate in Stage 3 has been less rapid than the model suggests due to religious and/or political opposition to birth control (Brazil), whereas the fall was much more rapid, and came earlier, in China where the government introduced the one child policy. The timescale of the model, especially in several south-east Asian countries such as Hong Kong and Malaysia, is being squashed as they develop at a much faster rate than did the early industrialised countries. The model assumes that all countries will go through the stages 1 to 4 in that exact order. There are variables and exceptions such as war and turmoil that may lead to different results. Some countries may even skip stages Eg. Countries that grew as a consequence of emigration from Europe (USA, Canada, Australia) did not pass through the early stages of the model. The model only reflects natural increase. Eg. There was a major migration overseas during a time period in the UK, where millions were unemployed had an effect on the population on its age structure and as a whole. The model does not forecast changes or provide explanations as to why one stage might lead to the next. The DTM is also limited in the sense that it gives a generalized picture of population change over time based on European studies, assuming that all countries would follow suit.

Differences of Liberal and Conservative Views on Social and Economic Issues

Differences of Liberal and Conservative Views on Social and Economic Issues Political intolerance: Liberals and conservatives on social and economic issues. Abstract: In recent studies liberals and conservatives have been shown to express equal amounts of intolerance towards groups with dissimilar ideologies (Brandt et al., 2014; Crawford et al., 2017). This goes against decades of studies that show that conservatives express higher levels of intolerance compared to liberals (Sibley and Duckitt, 2008). This study explores reasons why recent studies have adopted a better methodology and issues with the vast sum of previous studies. We test participant’s intolerance towards groups that have political ideologies both similar and dissimilar to their own. The results show mixed evidence both supporting and not supporting the intolerance equality claim. We look at reasons why this could be the case and present an improvement for future studies. Introduction: Conservative political ideologies has for decades been linked to higher levels of intolerance and prejudice compared to opposing liberal political ideologies (Sibley & Duckitt, 2008). This has created the idea that liberals are also therefore more tolerant and express less prejudice. This has resulted in what looks like a ‘prejudice gap’ between the two ideologies (Farwell & Weiner, 2000). Recently these finding have been brought into question. New studies support that both conservative and liberal ideologies are equal in intolerance and prejudice, thus disproving the prejudice gap, towards views that don’t match their own.   This study explores the relationship between an individual’s political ideology and their intolerance towards an out-group. Intolerance and prejudice are closely related. Intolerance is the unwillingness to accept views, beliefs, or behaviour that differ from ones own. Prejudice is a preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience. One issue with previous studies is that they focused around minority groups such as African Americans, homosexuals and immigrants (Sears & Henry, 2003; (Terrizzi, Shook, & Ventis, 2010; Meertens & Pettigrew, 1997). These minority groups tend to have a bias towards liberal political ideologies. This is crucial in recognising as it shows that these types of studies focus on tolerance demonstrated by liberals and conservatives towards mostly liberal groups. The current research that has demonstrated that liberals and conservatives show equal amounts of intolerance have done so by exploring the tolerance of conservatives and liberals towards both liberal and conservative groups. It was found that liberals and conservatives express negative prejudices towards groups whose values are different from their own (Morgan, Mullen, & Skitka, 2010). In addition people who had conservative or liberal views even tended to prefer to distance themselves from others who did not share similar views (Skitka, Bauman, & Sargis, 2005). One study that explored this concept developed the ideological conflict hypothesis (ICH) (Brandt et al., 2014). The ICH proposes that people of different political views are willing to express intolerance and prejudice towards political ideologies that are not similar to their own.   The ICH proposes that conservatives and liberals engage in tactics such as motivated information processing and defence against worldview-violating groups to defend their ideologies. Motivated information processing is when an individual is selective about information they process. Individuals will take in information that supports their worldview while filtering out and ignoring information that conflict with their worldviews, (Kunda, 1990). Research has shown that both liberals and conservatives engage in motivated information processing when presented with an opposing political ideology (Bartels, 2002; Crawford, Jussim, Cain, & Cohen, 2013). Defence against worldview-violating groups is the need to maintain a constant worldview. This wanting of a constant worldview leads to increased intolerance towards groups whose ideologies are dissimilar to the individuals (Chambers & Melnyk, 2006). Studies have shown that both conservatives and liberals share the same level of intensity in regards to their ideologies (Skitka & Bauman, 2008). Building on from ICH one study proposed a theory of multi-dimensional ideological conflict (Crawford et al., 2017). Previous research in this area tends to treat political ideologies as a single dimension; a subject is either liberal or conservative (Jost et al., 2003) meaning the concept of ideological conflict only had one dimension to it. However this not the case, as there is growing evidence to support that there is more then one dimension to an individuals political ideologies (Crawford et al., 2017); that is a person may have a conservative view in one area and a liberal view in another, each view is a dimension. Collectively these dimensions create the persons worldview and ideology, however they are not longer belonging to just one group, conservative or liberal. This study looked at social and economic ideologies. Social ideology tends to refer to issues regarding personal freedoms (abortion, same-sex marriage etc) with conservatives tending to favour greater restriction and liberals favouring fewer restrictions in these areas. Economic ideology tends to refer to matters evolving the economy, with conservatives favouring less government regulations and liberals favouring greater government regulation. This study found two interesting patterns; the first is that it found support for ICH. That is both conservatives and liberals showed equal levels of intolerance towards views that were dissimilar to their own. The second finding was that liberals and conservatives, while still showing equal levels of intolerance, reported to have higher levels of conflict towards social ideologies compared to economic ideologies. Evidence supporting this notion suggest that a persons position on social issues more strongly labels them as a liberal or conservat ive compared to their views of economic issues (Feldman & Johnston, 2013), allowing for a greater intensity of conflict to arise when presented with dissimilar social ideologies compared to economic ideologies. Recent studies are pointing towards two new developments in the understanding of political ideological conflict. The first is that individuals that are conservative or liberal will express equal levels of intolerance towards groups or ideas dissimilar to their own (Brandt et al., 2014). The second is that individuals can have both conservative and liberal views at the same time, but belonging to different dimensions (Crawford et al., 2017), such as social or economic. In addition to this the level of intolerance/conflict expressed is higher for social issues compared to economic.   Ã‚   This leads to this studies hypothesis, it is expected that the results will support ICH, that being that both liberal and conservative participants will show equal levels of intolerance towards groups with dissimilar political ideologies. Additionally it is expected to see higher levels of intolerance/conflict in the social dimension then the economic dimension. Discussion: In this study we explored the intolerance levels of participants who held conservative/liberal views towards groups of both similar and dissimilar views on social and economic issues. The results both supported and did not support our hypotheses. In the social domain test we found evidence in favour of our hypothesis, however in the economic domain we found evidence that contradicted our initial hypotheses. In the social domain, our findings supported our first hypothesis; participants were found to show equal levels of intolerance towards social ideologies that were dissimilar to them. This supports the ideological conflict hypothesis (Brandt et al., 2014). As the ICH states, the possible reasons for the results found in this study is due to motivated information processing (Kunda, 1990) and defence against worldview-violating groups (Chambers & Melnyk, 2006; Skitka & Bauman, 2008).   This states that when liberals or conservative form ideas on a group with political ideologies not similar to their own, they are likely to form ideas that confirm their current ideology, this typically leads to the individual forming negative views towards groups of dissimilar ideologies. This is appropriate as this study presented randomly assigned participants to an out-group with randomly assigned political ideologies, meaning that participants would either be paired to an out-group that had similar or dissimilar political views. Additionally to this finding, it was noted participants showed higher levels of tolerance towards groups who shared similar political ideology. This provides additional evidence in favour of the ICH, as it is expected that when a participant is presented with a similar view to their own, they should express less intolerance. The question this brings up however is why our findings matched ICH and not the vastly large collection of studies that found conservatives to be more intolerant (Sibley & Duckitt, 2008). This is explained through the methodology of this experiment. Unlike the majority of studies conducted in the meta-analysis (Sibley & Duckitt, 2008), this studied looked at the intolerance towards groups that held both liberal and conservative views. Previous studies tended to only look at the intolerance towards groups who are easily associated with liberal views (Sears & Henry, 2003; (Terrizzi, Shook, & Ventis, 2010; Meertens & Pettigrew, 1997). This experiments methodology closely matched (Brandt et al., 2014) which provides reasoning behind why the results ended up supporting ICH over the vast majority of studies conducted. However due to the large volume of studies against our hypothesis, it’s important to properly address this. A large proportion of social and political psychologists id entify as a liberal with mostly liberal values (Inbar & Lammers, 2012). As ICH would predict, these liberal researchers could be experiencing motivated information processing and defence against worldview-violating groups. One study found that liberal psychologists tended to investigate topics that are of greater importance to liberal ideology (Mullen, Bauman, & Skitka, 2003). So while not discrediting these previous studies, there is evidence supporting a bias within them. This provides further evidence to why our study did not reproduce their results as well as why it is okay that it didn’t. In the economic domain, our findings did not support our first hypothesis, and gave weak evidence towards our second hypothesis. The first hypothesis that this goes against is that both liberals and conservatives will express equal levels of intolerance. Our findings show that conservatives have a much greater intolerance towards groups with dissimilar economic ideologies. The second hypothesis was that social domains would show a higher level of conflict compared to the economic domain. While this remains true for liberal participants and conservatives presented with a conservative out-group. Conservatives presented with an economically liberal out-group demonstrated a much higher level of intolerance, which goes against our second hypothesis. This could be explained if there was a skew in our sample size, this being more liberals then conservatives or vice versa. This leads to one possible error in this study, a sample bias. The target group in this experiment was university studen ts with an average age of around 21-22. One Australian poll found that for the ages of 18-24 and 25-34, political groups with liberal ideologies (e.g. labour party and the greens) dominated over the conservative Australian liberal party (Roy Morgan, 2017). This brings up one issue with the experiment conducted, that is that we did not take into account the number of liberals compared to conservatives and thus over-looked the possibility for a sample skew. If there was a skew in the political identities of participants (favouring liberals) one reason for higher intolerance could be explained according to political conformity (Cohen, 2003). In an age group with a majority of liberal minded individuals, an individual needs to have strong belief in their ideologies to not conform politicly to the majority. So if there was a skew and the people who identified as conservative had strong conservative ideologies, this would example why results showed conservatives more intolerant in economi c domains. Further research is needed where the sample size is correctly identified and taken into account. In conclusion this study found evidence that both supported and did not support our hypotheses. Over the social domain we see evidence of ICH however this is not seen in the economic domain. This could be due to a sample bias that was not taken into account by researchers. Future studies, which control and take into account any sample biases, are needed. References Bartels L. M. (2002). Beyond the running tally: Partisan bias in political  Ã‚   perceptions. Political Behavior, 24, pp.117–150. Brandt, M., Reyna, C., Chambers, J., Crawford, J. and Wetherell, G. (2014). The Ideological-Conflict Hypothesis.  Current Directions in Psychological Science, 23(1), pp.27-34. Chambers, J. and Melnyk, D. (2006). Why Do I Hate Thee? Conflict Misperceptions and Intergroup Mistrust.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 32(10), pp.1295-1311. Cohen, G. (2003). Party Over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence on Political Beliefs.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), pp.808-822. Crawford, J., Brandt, M., Inbar, Y., Chambers, J. and Motyl, M. (2017). Social and economic ideologies differentially predict prejudice across the political spectrum, but social issues are most divisive.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 112(3), pp.383-412. Crawford, J., Jussim, L., Cain, T. and Cohen, F. (2013). Right-wing authoritarianism and social dominance orientation differentially predict biased evaluations of media reports.  Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(1), pp.163-174. Farwell, L. and Weiner, B. (2000). Bleeding Hearts and the Heartless: Popular Perceptions of Liberal and Conservative Ideologies.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(7), pp.845-852. Feldman, S. and Johnston, C. (2013). Understanding the Determinants of Political Ideology: Implications of Structural Complexity.  Political Psychology, 35(3), pp.337-358. Inbar, Y. and Lammers, J. (2012). Political Diversity in Social and Personality Psychology.  SSRN Electronic Journal. Jost, J., Glaser, J., Kruglanski, A. and Sulloway, F. (2003). Political conservatism as motivated social cognition.  Psychological Bulletin, 129(3), pp.339-375. Kunda, Z. (1990). The case for motivated reasoning.  Psychological Bulletin, 108(3), pp.480-498. Meertens, R. and Pettigrew, T. (1997). Is Subtle Prejudice Really Prejudice?.  Public Opinion Quarterly, 61(1, Special Issue on Race), p.54. Morgan, G., Mullen, E. and Skitka, L. (2010). When Values and Attributions Collide: Liberals’ and Conservatives’ Values Motivate Attributions for Alleged Misdeeds.  Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36(9), pp.1241-1254. Mullen, E., Bauman, C. and Skitka, L. (2003). Avoiding the Pitfalls of Politicized Psychology.  Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), pp.171-176. Roy Morgan. (2017).  L-NP (51%) takes the lead over ALP (49%) with only 3 weeks to go. [online] Available at: http://roymorgan.com.au/findings/51115-morgan-poll-august-19-2013-201308181432 [Accessed 1 Oct. 2017]. Sears, D. and Henry, P. (2003). The origins of symbolic racism.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), pp.259-275. Sibley, C. and Duckitt, J. (2008). Personality and Prejudice: A Meta-Analysis and Theoretical Review.  Personality and Social Psychology Review, 12(3), pp.248-279. Skitka, L. and Bauman, C. (2008). Moral Conviction and Political Engagement.  Political Psychology, 29(1), pp.29-54. Skitka, L., Bauman, C. and Sargis, E. (2005). Moral Conviction: Another Contributor to Attitude Strength or Something More?.  Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(6), pp.895-917. Terrizzi, J., Shook, N. and Ventis, W. (2010). Disgust: A predictor of social conservatism and prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuals.  Personality and Individual Differences, 49(6), pp.587-592.

Fertility Treatments Essay -- Infertility Birth Pregnancy Papers

Fertility Treatments I. Introduction It is assumed by most that we will all be able to grow up, fall in love, get married, and then have children of our own. This is not the lifestyle that all people choose, but it is still the view accepted by the majority of society. What happens when the unthinkable occurs and a happily married couple is unable to get pregnant? This is a reality for 7.1%, or 2.8 million, of the married couples in the United States (Lenox, 1999). Today, there are many people all over the world that decide to use fertility treatments to help them conceive a child, and this often leads to the birth of twins, triplets, or even higher order multiples. There are many risk factors that are involved in this type of pregnancy, and these issues have created a cloud of debate around this subject. The use of fertility treatments in recent years has been accompanied by an increase in the number of multiple births seen annually. The twin birth rate has increased by 59% since 1980, and the triplet and higher order multiples birth rate is up 423% (Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughter’s, 2004). There are two main forms of assisted reproductive therapy (ART) that are used currently. These are ovulation induction using fertility drugs alone and In vitro fertilization (IVF). II. Fertility Treatment Options Ovulation induction through the use of different forms of fertility drugs is the most common type of assisted reproductive therapy. The drug known as clomiphene, delivered in the form of an oral tablet, is commonly used for ovulation induction. It is taken over a restricted period of time during the menstrual cycle (Jacobs, 2004). This can vary between patients and physicians. The drug functions by all... ...Academic Search Premier [Online Database AN: 3358771]. Jacobs, Barry, M.D.. Multiple Births. Retrieved October 13, 2004, from http://www.texasfertility.com/nextstepmultiple.htm Lenox, Naomi. (1999). When Fertility Therapy Runs Amok: Debating the ethics and dangers of multiple births. Midwest Today. Retrieved November 1, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.midtod.com/fertility.phtml Malpani, Dr. A&A. (2004). How Much Does Treatment Cost?. Retrieved November 1, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://infertility.adoption.com/chapter47.php Morrow, Lance. (1999). Is This Right? Who has the right to say?. Time. Vol. 153, Issue1, p.41. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier [Online Database AN: 1402892]. Shady Grove Fertility Centers. Blastocyst Transfer. Retrieved October 14, 2004, from http://www.fertilitynetwork.com/articles/articles-blastocyst.htm Fertility Treatments Essay -- Infertility Birth Pregnancy Papers Fertility Treatments I. Introduction It is assumed by most that we will all be able to grow up, fall in love, get married, and then have children of our own. This is not the lifestyle that all people choose, but it is still the view accepted by the majority of society. What happens when the unthinkable occurs and a happily married couple is unable to get pregnant? This is a reality for 7.1%, or 2.8 million, of the married couples in the United States (Lenox, 1999). Today, there are many people all over the world that decide to use fertility treatments to help them conceive a child, and this often leads to the birth of twins, triplets, or even higher order multiples. There are many risk factors that are involved in this type of pregnancy, and these issues have created a cloud of debate around this subject. The use of fertility treatments in recent years has been accompanied by an increase in the number of multiple births seen annually. The twin birth rate has increased by 59% since 1980, and the triplet and higher order multiples birth rate is up 423% (Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughter’s, 2004). There are two main forms of assisted reproductive therapy (ART) that are used currently. These are ovulation induction using fertility drugs alone and In vitro fertilization (IVF). II. Fertility Treatment Options Ovulation induction through the use of different forms of fertility drugs is the most common type of assisted reproductive therapy. The drug known as clomiphene, delivered in the form of an oral tablet, is commonly used for ovulation induction. It is taken over a restricted period of time during the menstrual cycle (Jacobs, 2004). This can vary between patients and physicians. The drug functions by all... ...Academic Search Premier [Online Database AN: 3358771]. Jacobs, Barry, M.D.. Multiple Births. Retrieved October 13, 2004, from http://www.texasfertility.com/nextstepmultiple.htm Lenox, Naomi. (1999). When Fertility Therapy Runs Amok: Debating the ethics and dangers of multiple births. Midwest Today. Retrieved November 1, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.midtod.com/fertility.phtml Malpani, Dr. A&A. (2004). How Much Does Treatment Cost?. Retrieved November 1, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://infertility.adoption.com/chapter47.php Morrow, Lance. (1999). Is This Right? Who has the right to say?. Time. Vol. 153, Issue1, p.41. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier [Online Database AN: 1402892]. Shady Grove Fertility Centers. Blastocyst Transfer. Retrieved October 14, 2004, from http://www.fertilitynetwork.com/articles/articles-blastocyst.htm Fertility Treatments Essay -- Infertility Birth Pregnancy Papers Fertility Treatments I. Introduction It is assumed by most that we will all be able to grow up, fall in love, get married, and then have children of our own. This is not the lifestyle that all people choose, but it is still the view accepted by the majority of society. What happens when the unthinkable occurs and a happily married couple is unable to get pregnant? This is a reality for 7.1%, or 2.8 million, of the married couples in the United States (Lenox, 1999). Today, there are many people all over the world that decide to use fertility treatments to help them conceive a child, and this often leads to the birth of twins, triplets, or even higher order multiples. There are many risk factors that are involved in this type of pregnancy, and these issues have created a cloud of debate around this subject. The use of fertility treatments in recent years has been accompanied by an increase in the number of multiple births seen annually. The twin birth rate has increased by 59% since 1980, and the triplet and higher order multiples birth rate is up 423% (Children’s Hospital of the King’s Daughter’s, 2004). There are two main forms of assisted reproductive therapy (ART) that are used currently. These are ovulation induction using fertility drugs alone and In vitro fertilization (IVF). II. Fertility Treatment Options Ovulation induction through the use of different forms of fertility drugs is the most common type of assisted reproductive therapy. The drug known as clomiphene, delivered in the form of an oral tablet, is commonly used for ovulation induction. It is taken over a restricted period of time during the menstrual cycle (Jacobs, 2004). This can vary between patients and physicians. The drug functions by all... ...Academic Search Premier [Online Database AN: 3358771]. Jacobs, Barry, M.D.. Multiple Births. Retrieved October 13, 2004, from http://www.texasfertility.com/nextstepmultiple.htm Lenox, Naomi. (1999). When Fertility Therapy Runs Amok: Debating the ethics and dangers of multiple births. Midwest Today. Retrieved November 1, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://www.midtod.com/fertility.phtml Malpani, Dr. A&A. (2004). How Much Does Treatment Cost?. Retrieved November 1, 2004, from the World Wide Web: http://infertility.adoption.com/chapter47.php Morrow, Lance. (1999). Is This Right? Who has the right to say?. Time. Vol. 153, Issue1, p.41. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier [Online Database AN: 1402892]. Shady Grove Fertility Centers. Blastocyst Transfer. Retrieved October 14, 2004, from http://www.fertilitynetwork.com/articles/articles-blastocyst.htm

Care and Belonging

Jessica Downie Professor Troy McGinnis Reading Journal Entry #1 October 4, 2012 â€Å"Care and Belonging in the Market† by Allison J. Pugh Allison J. Pugh took the words right out of my mouth when writing her article on parents spending too much money on material items for their children. Commodity consumption for children has exploded to $670 billion spent annually on or by children in the United states in 2004 and there is a good chance its only getting higher.She branches off in the article going into several different topics on how the adults and children are effected by their desire to want to belong in society and how it affects the relationship between the parents and the children. It also focuses on the corporate marketers and how they tend to sell a fantasy to the children, reeling them into having a desire to have the product. This being done by the marketers, it also allows the parents to have the desire for their children, resulting in buying the product.As I was r eading this article, it made me think of my childhood growing up and how I related so close to this topic. For me, I didn't have a lot growing up so I found myself struggling with wanting all the same things my friends had that my parents couldn't always afford. My parents both worked full time jobs to provide for me and my two older brothers. Allison J. Pugh states in the article that low-income parents often planned ahead and save up to be able to buy their children what they ask for and I saw my parents do this for me and my brothers for Christmas and our birthdays.My parents taught me at a young age to stay humble and that material things don't define me as a person. I carry this lesson with my everyday life now. I see my father now buying my two younger half sisters any and everything they could ever want. I see him trying to make up for the things he couldn't give me while growing up. It also points out that your parents don't buy you things for the joy of themselves; they sim ply do it because they have a fear f not wanting their kid to feel left out or feel as if they don't belong. My five and nine year old sister has been through 2 iPads, iPod touches, cell phones and numerous amounts of toys, each. I find them being spoiled at such a young age is going to lead them to grow up not understanding the meaning of what a privilege it is to have nice things. Naturally everyone has a desire to fit in and be accepted by society, that wont ever change. As you get older, you are more aware of your status in society.You come to understand how society works, the interaction between people and the meanings of symbols in your day-to-day life. I do believe if more kids are exposed to valuable lessons growing up and not just get things handed to them, the chances of them taking these things for granted is less and maybe they wont feel the need to have the newest pair of Air Jordan's or the latest iPhone just because everyone else does. I asked myself a few questions a s I read through the article.One being, how was I effected by what my parents bought me growing up? Why does society look down on others if they don't have the best of the best? Will this ever change? I started to pay attention to children and their parents when I was at the store, work and when I was at the mall the other day. I feel as if parents these days almost buy their kids love by giving into what they want even if its something ridiculous. Parents give in way too easily and the kids catch on to what they can and cant get away with.This also being a problem when trying to persuade your parents that you absolutely need the new Nintendo DS or else your life is over. She spent time with families who were low-income families and richer families. She noticed that â€Å"affluent parents practiced a form a form of â€Å"symbolic deprivation† pointing to particularly meaningful goods or experiences that their child didn't not have as evidence of their own moral restraint and worthiness as parents. † I had to break that down to really understand what she meant by that.I think she means the affluent parents buy their children material things because they can and they want to stay higher up on the ladder in society. As for most low-income parents, they implemented a form of â€Å"symbolic indulgence†. Making sure that those particular goods or experiences have the most significant symbolic value for the children's social world. They did the best they could with the resources they had and sometimes putting those items more important than anything else at that time.Id be lying if I was to say that I think this explosion of parents spending ridiculous amounts of money to shape their child's social status is going to change anytime soon. I don't think it will ever change. Its practically an unwritten rule in society. Parents will continue to do anything they can to make the kids be accepted by society and make them feel as comfortable as they gro w older and make their way into the real world.

English-language films Essay

?I saw this quote in Mr. Laxman Gnawali’s laptop and I copied it right away, I don’t know but I liked that line very much. The quote was written on the wall of some park the place was really clean and that picture showed that it was really nice clean with lots of trees. After searching it in the internet I found it that it was the attribute to those who lost their lives in the war. We were talking about the teaching training session. We were told that we can achieve the next level in our career but we need to concentrate and do the session delivery seriously. There the quote was quite related because we had the freedom to be a teacher trainer but we have to be more responsible and develop certain habit, there with the freedom comes the responsibility. Looking at the history of freedom one can always see war as the synonyma for the freedom. The first thing that comes in our mind when we talk about freedom is war and quarrels. This phrase is mostly used by the people to show gratitude towards those who have lost their life in wars. There are so many articles and books written on them or about them. Shiv Khera have written a book â€Å"freedom is not Free† and there are mny other people who have talked about it and this is the phrase I think will be talked in coming future or as long as the existence of the human beings. Freedoms are rights of individuals, according to Webster it’s a state in which somebody is able to act and live as he or she chooses, without being subject to any, or to any undue, restraints and restrictions. As our country is democratic country and we proudly say that we are free, we have every freedom to do whatever we like to but in the beginning we fought for our freedom, can we still be fighting. In the beginning we fought for our freedom, with the birtishers, we fought with them not for the freedom but to keep our country free. We fought for the democracy from the Rana rulers and then we fought for the cruel royal rule and we achieve the freedom but the question remains that we have been fighting within ourselves. Now we have the ability to exercise free will and make choices independently of any external determining force, but are we truly free. I think we are still fighting within ourselves for the freedom we dream of. History has been our eyewitness that whenever we fought we fought to rule and not for the development or growth and we are still doing that. First we had MAHISHPAL than came GOPALA DYNESTYR and KIRAT after that many other than the most influential SHAH now we have politicians ruling still to rule not to develop. If I talk about the freedom realting with our history than it will never finish. Historians believe we’re not free, but on the other hand I just say we have our rights and restrains. Because completely unrestricted freedom of action would make peaceful human existence impossible, some restraints on freedom of action are necessary and inevitable. But, we do have to recognize that basic limitation, to make our life safe. We the people have to turn over some of our rights so that our country performs right and many say that the government is in our business but if they weren’t all chaos would occur. But, Freedom becomes a cost, a cost of just giving up some rights in return to be a great nation. But, some cost could become a concern. In the declaration of independence, Thomas Jefferson have clearly stated the difficulties and problems that America has to face on the process. The very recent and clear example abo;ut freedom is not free is our own country’s fight against the maost. We faced difficulties than one can imagine but ultimately we overcame with all the difficulties we faced. In the process of freedom government has to include all the armies of moist as well. There comes the pay for freedom. We had to go through traumas which many of the nation have been through but that trauma was from our own people to their own family. India, the biggest country with large population, which is emerging ijn every field in this modern time, have faced problems. They were colonized by British people and treated in the most cruel behave that one could ever treat to another human being in their own country but they fought for their freedom and have lost so many lives but at last they are free. The payment that they paid for the freedom are the lives, the great politicians and enthusiastic youths, there county were divided into parts and there is still fight among those country. Though they got the freedom they are still paying for it, that is why freedom is not free. America the land of opportunity, was not free and with the help of many freedom fighters they declare the independence. Instead of freedom they call it independent, as everyone knows in America most of the people are from different countries, the native people, the red Indians have actually lost their identity in order to be independent or free. the country have faced so many difficulties and still facing but it is the free country everyone says and believed that but they have the most criminal records and most frustration within their country. The fragmented society, self-centered individual, loss of culture and focus point of terrorism are the payment USA is paying with. Every country have their own struggle and history of freedom and the kinds pf payment they are paying as the freedom is not free. All the great people in this world has paid one or the other way for the freedom they fought for. Countries have faced the war and loss of the youngsters but the individual who are the great influential for that event lost their family ,loved once, and their own life as well. Hitler’s life story also suggest that freedom is not free. he hated zuse and to free himself from them he committed the crime which no human can forget and he is the most cruel person in this world. He could not face the failure and to make himself free from the thought of failure he continued doing the things which kept him free from that thought and the payment for the freedom of his thought is being cruel and called murderer and be alone in all his life. However his murder is still have no actual evidence but he was killed because he was becoming cruel and threat for many people so in the quest of freedom to free the abuse and feeling of failure he paid it with his life. Mahatma Gandhi, India call him their BAPU, was hated by his son because he had no time to spend with the family as he was in great mission to free his country from the Birtish. He freed his fellow country but the payment was his own children, he was killed by the very young person as people saw that his generosity is causing the country into many countries. He was free from all the material things and loved by all the people but to gain this freedom to loved by everyone with his life. The four martyrs, who was killed by rana rulers for their freedom speech also shows that whatever our country have got is not free. in whatever way we are enjoying or complaining about is actually the payment that those martyrs paid. They were from well known and educated family but in the quest to free the country from the ranas they paid their life and we got freedom. Being anyone as human is not free from all the responsibilities and rules that we need to follow. As a baby you are free to cry over anything but the payment is most of the time people don’t understand what your problem is. As a student you are allowed to make noise or make wrong choice but the payment is later on you have to fail in your exam and in your life. As a social worker you have the freedom to help others and take their pain as your own and the payment you have to pay is your time, for you and for your family, as an engineer, your freedom is to use any model but the payment is you have to be responsible for the lives of the people who will stay there, as writer you are free to write anything but the payment is no one will write about you, as the teacher you have the freedom to conduct your classroom as you wanted but the payment is you have to be the model all the time, you cannot make any mistake if you do you have to deal with all the consequences that might occur or the payment is your time and effort. When you see some advertisement on television about the free scheme, we always need to buy something with it because nothing is free, not even the water, the air. Freedom is actually the metaphor for all the responsibilities that comes with freedom. When one becomes the minister or join the politics, like in our country everyone blames them to be the negative one, you are free to be the politician but the payment is you won’t be trusted. When I first started to teach I don’t have any freedom to chose what I do in the classroom, so I was just following whatever the teacher told me to do and there no one expected anything from me so I was free from the responsibility and the payment I was paying is getting the low pay. As I developed the teaching learning skill and given the full responsibility of the class, I had the freedom to do any kind of things in the classroom and make it my own and include everything I have learnt but the payment is time and the continuous work load and no self time. Likewise with the PGDE course we had the freedom to garnish ourselves and the payment is all the criteria that was set for us to be what we were trained to be. FREEDOM IS NOT FREE, even the quote is controversial because when freedom is not free than why would one use these words and if it is used why it is mostly related with the people who have done so much for the betterment of the human being?